CHAPTER TEN: THE GREAT TURNING POINT, 1980 (continued) A Future Course: The General Management Plan, 19771980 Recognizing that the succession of Master Plans prepared in the late 1960s were inadequate, the expansion bill of October 1976 called for the National Park Service to complete a General Management Plan (GMP) for the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore within two years. The first public meeting took place at the Tremont visitor center on August 30, 1977, when the Denver Service Center (DSC)led GMP team introduced themselves to the public, explained the planning process, and solicited initial input. [7] In early 1978, GMP Team Captain Terry Savage transferred to the North Atlantic Regional Office and was replaced by David Laux. [8] In addition to Savage and Laux, the remainder of the GMP team is listed as follows: Principals James R. Whitehouse, Superintendent, Indiana DunesFred Kaas, Midwest Regional Office Dale Engquist, Assistant Superintendent, Indiana Dunes Don Castleberry, former Assistant Superintendent, Indiana Dunes William Hendrickson, Senior Research Scientist, Indiana Dunes Michael Strunk, Landscape Architect, Denver Service Center David Solder, Outdoor Recreation Planner, Denver Service Center Barbara Lavert, Urban Planner, Public Involvement Specialist, Denver Service Center Nancy Dunkle, Environmental Specialist, Denver Service Center Roberta Seibel, Interpretive Planner, Denver Service Center Andrew Beck, Historical Architect, Denver Service Center James Hooyboer, Program Analyst, Midwest Regional Office Larry Waldron, Chief of Interpretation, Indiana Dunes John Townsend, Chief Park Ranger, Indiana Dunes Contributors Mary Kimmitt, Supervisory Park Ranger, Interpretive Division, Indiana DunesJohn Paynter, Park Technician, Indiana Dunes Louis Brunansky, Air Resource Specialist, Indiana Dunes Douglas Wilcox, Water Resource Specialist, Indiana Dunes Norman Henderson, Biologist, Indiana Dunes Jim Straughan, Transportation Planner, Denver Service Center David Given, Environmental Engineer, Denver Service Center John Hoesterey, Geographer, Denver Service Center. [9] Recalling the fiasco over the initial West Beach Development Concept Plan which engendered deep distrust of the Denver Service Center, the Save the Dunes Council insisted that a coordinator to handle public involvement be added to the lakeshore's staff. [10] Beginning January 1, 1978, team member Barbara Lavert, Urban Planner and Public Involvement Specialist, was reassigned to Indiana Dunes for the next two years. In his annual report, Superintendent Whitehouse explained the need for the change in Lavert's duty station:
The level of public involvement during the GMP processes was intensive. Public meetings with the same agenda were held in Chicago, Gary, Chesterton, Michigan City, and South Bend. It represented the first time that the National Park Service attempted to formulate a blueprint for the national lakeshore from public aspirations. [12] Phase one of the GMP planning process involved twentyeight public workshops with more than 1,000 participants between January 16 and May 13, 1978. A wide range of issues were identified including the overriding concern of development and use. One side called for slight use in order not to harm the natural ecosystem. A sizeable group, however, called for at least moderate park use with resource preservation implemented as much as possible. Facilities would be placed at the edge of the lakeshore boundaries and only in disturbed areas and with adaptivelyreused structures if feasible. Utilizing public input, the team analyzed the data against environmental and visitor use concerns, management needs, political considerations, and legal constraints. From this planning process, four preliminary alternative plans were formulated. During phase two, five public workshops and numerous meetings resulted in the participation of more than 700 citizens between October 23 and November 6, 1978. The sessions analyzed the four preliminary alternative plans which were featured in a special October edition of the Singing Sands Almanac. Five hundred written responses were tabulated via computer with an aim toward identifying which parts of the four alternatives would be incorporated into the fifth, or preferred alternative. [13] A sizeable delegation of ORV owners attempted to "pack" the public meetings in order to get ORV usage sanctioned in the park, primarily at the Inland Marsh area. Their arguments were successfully rebuffed by environmentalists like Herbert Read who reminded the planning team of the clause in the 1966 authorization act asserting that dunes preservationnot devastationwas their preeminent responsibility. [14] The Park Service's preferred alternative plan emerged during phase three between July 27 and August 23, 1979. Five public meetings saw more than 600 people participating and reviewing the two documents, "Assessment of Alternatives" and "Review of Alternatives." In the "Assessment," the team considered the environmental, economic, and social consequences of implementing the initial four alternatives and formulated a preferred alternative for the approval of the Midwest Regional Director. The "Review" outlined the decisionmaking process involved for the selection of the preferred alternative over the original four alternatives. Public response favored the level and type of development in the East Unit of the lakeshore. Substantial criticism focused on transportation, access, circulation, and the proposed developments in the West Unit. Features proposed in the east were favored for the west: a visitor facility, transit terminal, shuttle system, and South Shore Railroad stop.* No one wanted the continued use of the West Beach access road via County Line Road while most wanted to connect both ends of the park via a shuttle system and bicycle and foot trails. Other concerns involved a marina and the need to emphasize interpretation and environmental education in the West Unit. Because the GMP team considered the concerns valid, it requested and received an extension of the planning and public review process beyond the Congressional deadline of October 1, 1979.
To ensure an opportunity for maximum public input, phase four involved thirty meetings with more than 500 people participating. West Unit planning alternatives were the focus of debate in the final GMP formulation. To address the concerns raised during phase three, a task force formed and met frequently during September and October. Members of the task force were the Gary Planning Department, Northern Indiana Regional Planning Commission (NIRPC), Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Miller Citizens' Corporation, and Save the Dunes Council. With the combination of the task force and numerous public meetings, a consensus emerged and the GMP team incorporated the proposal into a new draft which received final public review ending February 8, 1980. It would be impossible to overestimate the time and energy the national lakeshore and DSC staff devoted to the GMP process, particularly in the waning months. By the end of February, the exhausting twoandahalfyear process concluded with Midwest Regional Director Jimmie Dunning's signature on the document, well before the new March 15 submittal date to Congress. To help carry out the GMP provisions and to provide continuing liaison with the area's active planning commissions, the national lakeshore received authorization for a new park planner/landscape architect. [15] The preferred alternative, Alternative A, provided for a prime regional recreation area with dayuse activities including swimming, interpretation, and environmental education. The remaining four alternatives are summarized as follows: Alternative B proposed a high intensity use area involving many structures including a marina, ORV area, a cultural village setting, and campgrounds. The environmental impacts, however, were incompatible with the Resources Management Plan as well as established Service policies. Alternative C proposed a low intensity use area which preserved and/or restored large areas for light recreation and nature study. The alternative was rejected because of the severe limitations imposed on visitor access to the park's resources. Alternative D closely resembled the preferred alternative in that it proposed a medium intensity usage with daytime programs and facilities located throughout the lakeshore. The alternative proved unacceptable because several specific elements were based on insufficient information, pronounced environmental impacts, and proposals contrary to Service policies. Alternative E, the no-action proposal, provided for the status quo. It was unacceptable because of its denial of many lakeshore areas to a limited number of visitors. [16] Two principal themes characterize the 1980 General Management Plan. The first is for the Park Service to safeguard the resources which Congress mandated it to protect and to promote the duneland's natural evolution. The second is to provide facilities which compliment the environment to the greatest degree possible to provide a variety of quality park experiences to a large regional urban population. [17] The GMP set forth the National Park Service's interest in engaging in cooperative arrangements with other public agencies to provide mass transit service to the national lakeshore. The transportation service, primarily railroad and bus, would linkup to the inpark shuttle service. Utilizing the major U.S. highways of the area and the South Shore Railroad, the GMP proposed lessening traffic congestion and encouraging energy savings by providing an alternative to the privatelyoperated automobile. Establishing parking areas on the lakeshore's periphery, a visitor shuttle service would run from the satellite parking areas and railroad stops throughout the park. The Kemil Road rail stop would be redesigned to a fullservice stop and the municipal bus systems of Gary and Michigan City would operate to the lakeshore's shuttle terminals. Visitors could only drive their automobiles along the shuttle routes in lowuse periods and commercial traffic would not be permitted. Two new park entrances would be featured. In the East Unit, the entrance would be at County Line Road with access facilitated by a new interchange on Interstate 94. In the West Unit, the entrance would be at Tolleston Dunes with Highway 51 extended into the area. [18] Addressing the issue of development adjacent to the park, the report stated:
Problems with land management within the lakeshore hinged largely on the circuitous boundaries:
The GMP divided the lakeshore into four separate land management zones: Natural, Historic, Park Development, and Special Use. The Natural Zone involves three subzones: Natural Environment, Outstanding Natural Feature, and Protected Natural Area. The Natural Environment Subzone encompasses most of the lakeshore with 7,636 acres, or 57.3 percent. It includes beaches, dunes, wetlands. Its management strategy is to "provide quality nonconsumptive, resourcerelated recreation consistent with the protection of the natural ecosystem and with respect to private property rights; promote understanding and appreciation of park values; and to enhance recovery of lands to natural conditions." [21] The Outstanding Natural Feature Subzone includes the natural landmarks with heavy visitation like bogs, forests, Lake Michigan's shoreline, dunal ponds, and the large moving dunes. It is composed of 1,892 acres, or 14.2 percent of the lakeshore. The Protected Natural Area Subzone is the Heron Rookery Unit where minimal human intrusion is necessary for resource preservation. It involves 320 acres, or 2.4 percent of the park. The Historic Zone, involving most of the lakeshore's historic properties and subjects, includes two subzones. The Preservation Subzone includes the House of Tomorrow and provides for restoration and interpretation of its architectural significance. The Preservation/Adaptive Use Subzone includes the Bailly Homestead and Cemetery, Florida Tropical House, and Rostone House. The total acreage is forty, or 0.3 percent of the park. The Park Development Zone includes visitor use, administration, and maintenance facilities as well as roads and parking lots. Its three subzones, Recreational Development, Access/Circulation Development, and Educational/Interpretive Development, total 266 acres, or two percent of the lakeshore. The Special Use Zone includes all areas of nonFederal lands where National Park Service interests are secondary only to another party such as state and local governments or commercial organizations. The Service, however, will continue to monitor land management practices within the zone to prevent damage to park values as well as the implementation of park policies in other zones. This includes 3,172 acres, or 23.8 percent of the park. The three subzones are NonFederal Public Land, Industrial Lands, and Transportation. [22] In the realm of natural resources management, the GMP committed the Service to learning more about the lakeshore's hydrological system through contracts with U.S. Geological Survey and its own staff in order to react to potential threats in an informed, timely manner. One goal is to close some of the drainage ditches to reestablish wetland conditions on Federal land. If studies reveal lowering of the groundwater table by NIPSCO's construction of Bailly I, the "Service will instruct the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to use whatever measures are necessary to obtain relief from the effects of the drawdown." [23] Shoreline management involved continued cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to mitigate shoreline erosion caused by the Michigan City harbor installations. Erosion prevention measures center at Mount Baldy while the Beverly Shores problem remains relatively unchecked. Natural resource management of the dunes ecosystem will entail a prescribed burning plan which will be finetuned once the role of fire at Indiana Dunes is understood. Management of plant and animal communities entail compliance with the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and a program to reestablish native species like the beaver. Monitoring wildlife populations like deer and raccoons will determine whether population increases will threaten vegetation or health. Exotic species (like wild cats and dogs) will be eliminated from natural zones. Restoration of the natural landscapes once buildings, roads, and utilities are removed, involves regrading with soil appropriate to the surrounding area. Revegetation takes place with local varieties of plants situated in natural patterns. [24] In the area of cultural resources management, the GMP provided for preservation of cultural properties through restoration and adaptive reuse, but no reconstructions. Plans for the Bailly Homestead are to restore the interior for interpretation and environmental education. The 1933 World's Fair houses and three Lustron homes would be nominated to the National Register of Historic Places (accomplished five years later) as will the South Shore Railroad route and equipment. The Chellberg Farm, although failing to meet National Register criteria, will be one of the focuses of the park's interpretive program. Although an inventory of archeological resources remains to be conducted, archeological sites will be protected and all known sites will be evaluated against National Register criteria. [25] Visitor use will continue to increase and development of facilities will have to keep up. Shoreline availability will double with easy access to seven miles of lakefront. Recreational and interpretive opportunities will also increase in the inland areas with hostels, trail systems, and environmental education centers. Intensity of visitor usage predicted in the GMP is based on a 1977 contract study for the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. Parking availability is based on less than carrying capacity in order to safeguard the lakeshore's environmental quality. Because of the concern for conflict between the increasing number of visitors and reservationsofuse holders, the GMP proposed introducing new visitor facilities in phases. Developments which directly affect reservationsofuse will not be initiated until the reservations expire. The Service will use available structures, developed sites, and roads to provide additional facilities. Facilitating access will be performed with as little impact on the natural environment as possible. The intrusion of automobiles will be minimized by public transit and confining parking areas to the park's perimeter. [26] The GMP specifically states, however:
Coordination of transportation planning in the West Unit will be coordinated with the emerging Little Calumet River recreation project and area railroad companies. A cooperative staging area for both the national lakeshore and the Little Calumet park will be at the Dunes Drivein Theater on Highway 51 south of Highway 20. Designed to increase park access from Interstates 65, 80, 90, and 94, there will be as many as 1,000 additional parking spaces. When completed, parking at the West Beach bathhouse will be reduced to a number compatible with low use periods. Planning for the proposed marina will proceed once feasibility/suitability studies are completed. A favored location is between the U.S. Steel breakwater east to Montgomery Street. In the West Unit, a transportation terminal and information center will provide up to 800 parking spaces and will develop under four phases. An environmental education/interpretation center will be east of Grand Boulevard with a laboratory, classrooms, display area, auditorium, fiftyslot parking lot, and bicycle and crosscountry ski rental space. The Miller Woods area will be designated a national environmental study area. In the East Unit, the transit terminal and information center will be at Woodlawn Avenue and U.S. 12. Parking, shuttle service terminal, South Shore Railroad stop, and bicycle and crosscountry ski rental will be tied into the complex. Cresent Dune will accommodate boat anchorings, but the remainder of the shoreline will be reserved for swimming. (Note: This tract was not added under the 1980 bill.) Hiking trails in the unit will follow former trails. The Bailly Unit is a national environmental study area. The Bailly interpretive station will serve as the central information and orientation facility in the unit. Goodfellow Camp will be redesigned to be a residential environmental education camp. While the lodge will be renovated, other outbuildings will be removed in favor of tent platforms. The Coronado Lodge will become a hostel and canoe livery. Foot trails will connect all of the facilities, including links to the Little Calumet River developments. The Cowles Unit, composed principally of the national natural landmark, will feature regulated access for safety considerations as well as to minimize adverse impacts. A small boat launch, restrooms, and parking will be at the end of Waverly Road near Porter Beach. The Heron Rookery Unit will be accessible by permit only. Development in the fragile area will be limited to a small gravel parking area. Interpretation of the rookery will take place at the Tremont interpretive center. The Pinhook Bog Unit will have an interpretive center at the existing ranger residence adjacent to the national natural landmark. Guided walks will take place on boardwalks and existing foot trails. The Indiana Dunes State Park Unit will continue under state stewardship until Indiana decides to donate the park. The Park Service will consult with the state to extend the national lakeshore's shuttle service and trail system into the Dunes State Park. The Hoosier Prairie Unit likewise will continue under Indiana's management. The GMP committed the Park Service to working with the State so that thirtythree acres of Serviceowned disturbed land could be used by the State for the national natural landmark's development. Visitor information and orientation will occur at the west and east entrances to the national lakeshore. Displays and personnel will inform visitors of available transportation options. Onsite interpretive programs will occur throughout the park with environmental education and human interaction with the natural processes an integral theme. Also parkwide will be backpack camping conducted under close supervision with the goal of teaching environmentally sound camping skills. [28] Management objectives for Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, clearly established in the GMP, are as follows:
Implementation of the General Management Plan will take place in four phases and will be subject to Congressional appropriations. Management actions and objectives will be accomplished in ways which minimize conflicts between visitors and reservationsofuse holders. The following is a list of phased development actions arranged in priority order. Phase one began immediately following GMP approval and includes development of information services and alternative means of transportation for access to and circulation within the national lakeshore. The list of phase one provisions is as follows:
Phase two will take place on Servicecontrolled lands that either are presently accessible or will have been made accessible through phase one actions. Phase two will primarily provide development to support expanding programs and activities. The list of phase two provisions is as follows:
Phase three will augment interpretive programs, provide additional hostel facilities, make more inland areas accessible, and continue cultural resource development in the Bailly Unit. The list of phase three provisions is as follows:
Phase four will necessitate the completion of land acquisition and the phasingout of reservationsofuse prior to implementation. It will complete the shuttle system, hostel system, entrance developments, and provide for the West Unit marina. The list of phase four provisions is as follows:
The GMP, citing additional costs for archeological survey work, estimated the total national lakeshore development costs in net 1979 dollars at $30,179,000. Personnel requirements for the GMP implementation are as follows:
Congress received the approved General Management Plan before the extended March 15 deadline with a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) made by the Midwest Regional Office. Almost immediately, the lakeshore began to prepare its requisite forms (10238s) to initiate funding from Congress. Indiana Dunes' priorities were entered into Regionwide and Servicewide priority lists. However, as had already become commonplace, the national lakeshore clearly did not fit into any ordered project funding program. Local Congressmen were adept at inserting lineitem funding for park developments into annual appropriations bills. [35]
indu/adhi/adhi10a.htm Last Updated: 07-Oct-2003 |