Abraham Lincoln Birthplace Historic Resource Study

NOTES

1. Damie Stillman, "Death Deified and Honor Upheld: The Mausoleum in Neo-Classical England," Art Quarterly 1(1978): 177-78.

2. Howard Colvin, Architecture and the After-Life (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 330-31.

3. Stillman, 196.

4. Stillman, 196; Colvin, 339.

5. Colvin, 341.

6. Robert L. Alexander, "The Public Memorial and Godefroy's Battle Monument, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 17 (March 1958): 22.

7. Colvin, 344.

8. David M. Kahn, "The Grant Monument," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 41 (October 1982): 215.

9. Alexander, 19-22.

10. Alexander, 19, 22.

11. Neil Harris, The Artist in American Society: The Formative Years, 1790-1860 (New York: George Braziller, 1966), 190.

12. Quoted in Harris, 192.

13. Quoted in Alexander, 23.

14. The Lincoln Farm Association attempted a similar fund-raising effort in which donations for the construction of the Lincoln Birthplace Memorial could not exceed twenty-five dollars. It also resulted in disappointing returns.

15. Pamela Scott, "Robert Mills and American Monuments," in Robert Mills, Architect, John M. Bryan, ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects, 1989), 161-62.

16. Harris, 194.

17. Quoted in Harris, 194.

18. Harris, 193.

19. Harris, 194-95.

20. Kahn, 214.

21. Kahn, 214-l5.

22. Stillman, 196; Colvin, 340

23. Kahn, 216.

24. See Leland M. Roth, McKim, Mead and White, Architects (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), 136-38.

25. William Judson Hampton, Presidential Shrines from Washington to Coolidge (Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1928), 65-66.

26. John Zukowsky, "Monumental American Obelisks: Centennial Vistas," Art Bulletin 58 (December 1978): 576-78; Ferris, 417-20.

27. Hampton, 181-84.

28. Quoted in Kahn, 216.

29. Stephen Bedford, "Early Monumental Work," chapter draft (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1992), 10.

30. "The Lincoln Birthplace Farm," Collier's Weekly 38 (February 7, 1907): 16-17.

31. Quoted in Steven McLeod Bedford, John Russell Pope, Architect of Empire (New York: Rizzoli, 1998), 10.

32. Herbert Croly, "The Recent Works of John Russell Pope," The Architectural Record 29 (June 1911): 442.

33. Arthur Drexler, ed., The Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1977), 82, 86-87.

34. Richard Chaffee, "John Russell Pope," Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects Vol. 3 (New York: Free Press, Macmillan Publishing, 1982), 450; Joseph Hudnut, "The Last of the Romans: Comments of the Building of the National Gallery," Magazine of Art 34(1941): 169-73.

35. 151 Fredrick Koeper,American Architectures Volume 21860-1976, (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990), 289-291.

36. Richard Chaffee, "John Russell Pope," Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects Vol. 3 (New York: Free Press, Macmillan Publishing, 1982), 450; Joseph Hudnut, "The Last of the Romans: Comment of the Building of the National Gallery," Magazine of Art 34 (1941): 169-73.

37. William L. McDonald, quoted in Bedford, 8.

38. Bedford, 10; Richard Lloyd Jones, "The Lincoln Centenary," Collier's Weekly 40 (February 15, 1908): 12-13.

39. Jones, February 15, 1908,12-13.

40. Bedford, 11.

41. Bedford, 142.

42. Bedford, 8.

43. Roth, 247-50. It should be noted that Pope eventually erected a monumental column, the Meuse-Argonne Monument near Montfaucon, France, 1926-34, which is derivative of White's Ship Martyrs' column in both style and setting. See Elizabeth G. Grossman, "Architecture for a Public Client: The Monuments and Chapels of the American Battle Monuments Commission," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 43 (May 1984): 119-43.

44. The Senate Park Commission was composed of Daniel H. Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., Charles F. McKim, and Augustus Saint-Gaudens. Lowry, 82-88; Roth, 254.

45. Jones, February 15,1908,12-13.

46. G. Peterson, 30-31.

47. Pope, "Memorial Building Plans."

48. Pope, "Terrace Stairs" and "Block Plan."

49. G. Peterson, Plate VIII.

50. Hampton, 215.

51. See Edward Thornton Heald, The William McKinley Story (Stark County Historical Society, 1964), 123-24; Hampton, 213-17; Ferris, 507-9.

52. Pope refers to the main facade as the south elevation although the building is actually oriented to the southeast.

53. Pope, "S. Front Elevation."

54. Pope, "West Elevation.

55. Pope, "North Elevation."

56. Pope, "Main Floor Plan."

57. Center for Architectural Conservation, College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, comp., Historic Structures Assessment Report: Lincoln Birthplace Memorial Building (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, Park Historic Architecture Division, 1991), 4. A second significant alteration to the building includes the installation of terrace steps on the east and west sides by the War Department in 1930 (G. Peterson, 52).

58. Bedford, 12; Pope, "Main Floor Plan." Similar granite rosettes adorn the ceiling of the south portico.

59. In 1896, the Grant birth house was enclosed in an unimposing masonry and steel memorial building on the Ohio State Fairgrounds in Columbus. See Hampton, 160-62.

60. Direct influence from antique sources cannot be discounted because Pope traveled extensively in Greece and Italy. In terms of building type, Pope's design is related to the Roman mausolea, such as the second century tomb of Annia Regilla on Rome's Appian Way with its single-cell plan, high windows, and vertical proportions. "A National Shrine," Bulletin of the Pan American Union 43 (October 1916): 498; Tarbell, 95.

61. Kahn, 212.

62. Pope's Temple of the Scottish Rite is also based on the tomb of Mausolus and more closely reflects the supposed ancient appearance of the tomb.

63. See Kahn, 226-31; Hampton, 163-64; Ferris, 475-79.

64. Bedford, 122.

65. G. Peterson, 33.

66. Jones, 13.

67. In February 1912, Pope was asked to submit designs for the Lincoln Memorial, and he again turned to funerary architecture for design sources. Three of his seven alternate proposals feature fantastic pyramid forms: a smooth-sided pyramid with four temple-front entrances; a Meso-American pyramid; and a ziggurat.

68. For the Lincoln National Memorial see, "What Shall the Lincoln Memorial Be?," American Review of Reviews 38 (September 1908): 334-42; Leila Mechlin, "The Proposed Lincoln Memorial," Century Magazine 83 (January 1912): 368-76; "The Proposed Lincoln National Memorial," Harper's Weekly 56 (January 20, 1912): 21; and "The Lincoln Memorial: The Man and the Monument," The Craftsman 26 (April 1914): 16-20. For the Lincoln Birthplace Memorial see "The Lincoln Centennial Celebration," American Review of Reviews 39 (February 1909): 172-73; and "A National Shrine," 496-501.