CABRILLO Shadows of the Past

Proposed Expansion of the Fort Rosecrans Historic District

Fort Rosecrans developed as presidential administrations and Congress responded to political events in the world. President Grover Cleveland directed William C. Endicott, Secretary of War, to form a war board in 1885 to design a defense of America's rivers, harbors, and coasts (Triem 1995; Joyce 1996). The Endicott Board selected thirty sites for the Sea Coast Artillery, which included the Military Reservation on Point Loma and previous military structures (May 1985; 1995; 1996; 1998; 1999b). The Endicott Period fortifications included underground artillery and offshore torpedo mines. Soldiers were selected for 130 companies Sea Coast Artillery. The plan for San Diego called for four companies but only two were deployed. The Army Corps of Engineers began building Endicott Period artillery batteries in 1897 at the same location of a former Spanish fort and 1874 Army artillery battery (May 1985; 1996). Under General Order 134, the post was named Fort Rosecrans in honor of General William S. Rosecrans, a Civil War general and Member of Congress.

Endicott Period, 1885-1905.

Major Charles E.L.B. Davis, Army Corps of Engineers, designed the Endicott Period batteries and command centers on Ballast Point (May 1985; Joyce 1996). Major Davis supervised the civilian construction project between 1897 and 1902. Regular Army troops installed the first 10-inch rifle to be installed in Gunpit 1 and painted Davis' name on a wall in honor of his role in creating this battery. Major Davis completed his work and turned Batteries Wilkeson, McGrath, and Fetterman over to the Artillery Corps in 1902.

For the first three years, the Artillery Corps lived in white-painted wooden barracks constructed in 1873-1874 by the Army Corps of Engineers. Those temporary quarters were simply one-story rectangular wood buildings set on pier and post foundations. The barracks, mess hall and stables were situated on a hill above the batteries. As Fort Rosecrans increased in troops, tent communities served the overflow. In 1902, no electrical lighting or communication existed and the artillery batteries used signal flags and kerosene lanterns. The 115th Company of Sea Coast Artillery arrived on Ballast Point during the Spanish-American War. They camped in tents and in reconditioned 1860-1874 buildings (Ruhlen 1959, Gerould 1966). The Company manned only two Civil War 'Napoleon' cannons during the short war of 1898. The 115th Company manned Battery Wilkeson (May 1985). This Company installed gun carriages and 10-inch 'disappearing rifles' artillery for the Battery that had been officially transferred to Fort Rosecrans troops in 1902. The Company was quartered in Building 139.

In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt directed Secretary of War William Taft to convene a board to bring the Nation's defenses into the electrical age (Lewis 1979: 89, 100: Joyce 1996). The unifying efforts of the Endicott and Taft Boards between 1885 and 1911 established America's efforts to expand the country's sphere of influence to far reaches of the world. The resulting underground batteries and infrastructure constructed at Fort Rosecrans are witnesses to these important historic global contexts of America's development as a superpower.

Roosevelt and the Taft Board streamlined America with elaborate coal-fired steam electrical generating plants which powered communications, lighting, and mechanical systems. Among the many important achievements represented at Fort Rosecrans is the 1906 Naval Radio Station, which linked to a transcontinental network in 1917. To achieve this new age, the Taft Board directed the Secretary of the Navy to expand the Navy Coaling Yard to fuel the Pacific Coast fleet.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because they have the potential to contribute to our understanding of President Grover Cleveland's administration and the Endicott Board's role in the development of America's national defense policy:

Building 174: Army Battery Wilkeson, 1897-1898. Cast Concrete. H-27B. Naval Base Point Loma. Determined eligible by the SHPO and listed in the SUBASE HARP Plan for inclusion on the National Register. Portions lay on top of the 1796-1835 Spanish and Mexican Fort Guijarros artillery battery, barracks, kitchen, casemate and flagpole at CA SDI-12000. Vertical soil stratigraphy exposed in 1984 archaeology excavations showed European maritime whaling station residential deposits sandwiched between the lower Spanish and upper Battery Wilkeson. Testing of the top of a graded slope north of Battery Wilkeson in 1999 revealed an intact portion of prehistoric site CA-SDi-12,000. This property may also be eligible under Criteria B for its association with Major Charles E.L.B. Davis and Criteria C because Endicott Period batteries represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. It is the oldest standing military structure and the only Endicott Period 10-inch rifled gun battery in San Diego.

Building 256, Battery McGrath, 1899. Cast Concrete. H-27D. Naval Base Point Loma. Determined eligible by the SHPO for inclusion on the National Register and was included in the HARP Plan. Army Corps of Engineers Completion Reports from 1898 and 1899 reported Mexican Period adobe and concrete construction in the soil. The soils surrounding this battery contain portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48. This property may also be eligible under Criteria B for its association with Major Charles E.L.B. Davis, and Criteria C because Endicott Period batteries represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.

(gone) Battery Fetterman, 1900. Cast concrete. H-27C. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended ineligible for inclusion on the National Register because it no longer exists above ground. This issue needs to be revisited because the foundations were observed during road construction in 1987 and the ruins may qualify under Criteria D for their potential to contribute to scientific research. Concrete street and asphalt paving cover European whaling evidence and Army portions of CA-SDi-12,000, as revealed in electrical and storm drain utility line excavation.

Searchlight #1, 1902. Cast Concrete. H-27E. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A and the associated archaeological trash dump needs testing to determine eligibility under Criteria D. Soil surrounding the structure may contain historic archaeology features.

(gone) Electrified Industrial Systems, 1904-1911. Fire Control systems: expansion of the Mining Casemate, Torpedo Houses, Cable Tanks, Power House, Engineer's House. Construction of Jones Hall in 1990 destroyed most of these features, but a portion of the 1908 igloo vaulted access tunnel to the 1898 Mining Casemate remains buried. Portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-12,000 survives.

Searchlight, Power House, and Radar, 1909. Cast concrete and brick. Space and Naval Warfare property. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register. (See H 18 in the proposed expansion of the Fort Rosecrans Historic District). Soil surrounding the structure contains historic archaeology.

Electrical Connection Box, 09HS-4, 1909. Cast concrete with an aluminum box marked, "1909 Engineers Department, U.S. Army, Colin Electrical Company, New York." The Army modified this structure, as marked "U.S. Army 1941, U.S.A." This is located on the east side of Point Loma within Cabrillo National Monument.

Post Taft Board Period, 1912-1914

Following the Roosevelt Administration, the Progressive Party became the driving political force of the times. Civic leaders promoted nationalism through public projects, such as Cabrillo National Monument, the 1915 World Exposition in Balboa Park and designation of Cabrillo National Monument within Fort Rosecrans (May 1999a).

Building 170, Militia Building, 1911. Brick. Building 170, Naval Base Point Loma. This civilian structure needs an eligibility determination as sole representative structure from the Post Taft Board Peace Time. Steel hardware from windows, doors, and the roof structure litter the soil on the south and east sides. Asphalt covers portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48.

War in Europe and American Response

The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 stimulated Congress to fund the Department of War for improvements to the Sea Coast Defense of America (Joyce 1996). The War Department ordered two mortar batteries, fire control stations, and searchlights to be built on Point Loma between 1915-1916 (Ruhlen 1959:64). The mortars were capable of firing over the spine of Point Loma to hit offshore naval shipping.

The following properties are recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because they contribute to our understanding of the processes of America's response to the war in Europe in the period following 1914 and Congressional declaration of war:

Building 100, Battery John White 1916. Cast concrete. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. Soil and gullies surrounding Battery White contain deposits of historic archaeology associated with the structure. The original searchlights at the south battery were restored by the Navy in 1999. Battery White may also qualify under Criteria C because Endicott Period batteries embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.

Battery Whistler, 1916. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A and in the process of HABS/HAER documentation.

Battery Command Station for Batteries White and Whistler, 1916; Base End Station for Battery Ashburn, 1943. Cast concrete. H-10, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Base End Station for Batteries White and Whistler, 1916; Battery Command Station for Batteries Zeilen and Woodward, 1943. Cast concrete. H-10, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Fire Commander's Station, 1916; Battalion and Harbor Stand-by Command Post, 1941. Cast concrete. H-8, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Fire Commander's Station, 1916; Battalion and Harbor Stand-by Command Post, 1942. H-10, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Fire Commander's Station, 1916; Base End Station for Battery Strong, 1941. H-21A, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Base End Station and Battery Command Station for Batteries White and Whistler, 1916. H-22, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Searchlight #1, 1916; Searchlight #11, 1941. H-5. Cast concrete, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Searchlight #4, 1916. Wood frame, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Power House for Searchlights 1 and 2, 1916/ Radar Unit S.C.R., 1942. Cast concrete. H-18. Building 15C, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criterion A.

Fire Commander's Station (Batteries White and Whistler) 1916. Cast concrete with steel shielding. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Fort Commander's Station (Batteries Wilkeson, Fetterman, McGrath, White and Whistler), 1916. Cast concrete. Located at Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Base End and Battery Command Station, 1916-1924. Cast concrete. H-22. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Signal Station, 1916. Cast concrete. H-23. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A.

Plank Walkway, 1916. Wood frame. H-30. Naval Supply Center. This structure needs to be evaluated for contributing value to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. A careful examination of the dense brush surrounding the feature has not been conducted to determine if historic archaeology exists.

War in Europe, World War I and the Great Influenza Epidemic, 1917-1919

American entry into the war in Europe triggered one of the Nation's largest military buildups in history (Joyce 1996). Emergency War Act funds in 1917 fueled massive construction projects at Fort Rosecrans to house 21,000 soldiers, officers, and support personnel (May 1999a). Entire neighborhoods of barracks were constructed in the first 90 days, as Fort Rosecrans expanded far beyond the Colonial Revival buildings along Sylvester Street. Lumber stripped from older military bases was reused in these structures. All areas of the Military Reservation were used during World War I.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion under Criteria A because they are associated with America's role in World War I and response to the Great Influenza Epidemic during the period between 1917 and 1919:

(gone) Temporary Cantonments; Ballast Point, Middle, and Upper, 1918. (demolished by 1934). The 1974 Navy enlisted barracks, Rosecrans Street, and White Road have impacted portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology associated with this cantonment.

Building 138, YMCA Service Club, 1919. Wood frame, Craftsman Bungalow Style, Naval Base Point Loma. Determined by the SHPO to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. Lawns and the back alley cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology.

(gone) Hospital Steward's Quarters, 1904 and 1917. Brush covered gullies and the northern fill slope contains historic archaeology deposits, architectural remains, and cobblestone drains associated with this structure. These have not been examined or evaluated for National Register value.

(gone) Hospital Storehouses, 1918. Cuts in uphill terrain on the west show broken purple glass, white ware ceramics and the potential for buried historic archaeology in the surrounding soils. The alley on the east contains portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48.

Knights of Columbus Building, 1918. Building 215, Naval Base Point Loma. (Buildings 122 and 71 on older maps). Determined by the SHPO not to be a contributing element to the Fort Rosecrans Historic District, this structure was totally rebuilt in 1998. The lawns contain portions of CA-SDi-48, as evidenced by rock-packed fire hearths and portable metate fragments exposed in sprinkler trenches in 1999.

(gone) Building 110, Club Chef's Quarters, ca. 1920. Naval Base Point Loma. Asphalt covers portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48 and historic archaeology.

Radio Station, 03HS-2, 1917. Concrete. This radio station once included two towers, which are now gone. During World War II, radio operations expanded and relocated to the Harbor Defense Command Post and this building became a meteorological station for the Army Coast Artillery. This is in the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District and now houses public exhibits regarding the coastal defense systems.

Searchlight Shelter, 09HS-5; Generator Plant, 09HS-6; and Searchlight Shelter, 09HS-7, 1918-1919. Cast concrete. This partially dug-in structure contained a 60-inch searchlight mounted on narrow gage rails and covered with a wooden door. Originally named "No. 5," it was renumbered "No. 11" and then "No. 18" in 1942. This is within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District. This includes the generator plant (09HS-6) and the shelter (09HS-7).

Fire Control Stations 09HS-8, 9, and 10, 1918-1920. Cast concrete. Three partially underground bunkers with steel shutter-covered windows served as observation posts to triangulate artillery plotting. The surface of these structures originally had sandbagged bunkers, wire netting, natural rock and earth heaped on top to camouflage these features from enemy naval observation. This is within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District. These serviced Batteries Calef-Wilkeson and are in preserved condition. Window glass fragments and shaped wooden pieces from WWII use are visible on slopes near these structures.

Meyler Road, 1918-1919. Graded dirt road connecting Searchlights 5 and 6, power plant and Billy Goat Point. Renamed "Bayside Trail" by the Park Service, it now serves as a walking trail. The Army honored the memory of Army Lt. James J. Meyler, Base Engineer, Fort Rosecrans, who served as the first Base Engineer after Major Charles E.L.B. Davis turned command of Fort Rosecrans to the regular army. Lt. Meyler died on duty at Fort Rosecrans. An abandoned portion of this road parallels the modern roadway at a lower elevation contour.

Interwar Period, 1922-1935

America believed the political myth that World War I was "the war to end all wars" in the period following Armistice (Joyce 1996). The political sentiment towards internal recovery and rebuilding America's economy led to a period of isolationism. The public entrusted the League of Nations to reconstruct Europe. Citizens returned to their farms and factories. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 resulted in mothballing thousands of naval ships and closure of military bases across the Nation. Fort Rosecrans closed to caretaker status in 1924, when the 115th and 28th Companies of Coast Artillery shipped out to Puget Sound, Washington (Ruhlen 1959; Flower, Ike and Roth 1982; May 199a).

Civilian caretakers maintained Fort Rosecrans with locked buildings and minor repair work in the years following 1924 (Gerould 1966). National Guard units used the fort for training. This included 6th Infantry HQ Brigade who occupied the 1904 Administration Building in 1928. One year later, the 11th Cavalry moved from Camp Hearn in Imperial Beach to join them (May 1999a). These units created the anti-aircraft Batteries Gillespie and Point Loma in 1930. They trucked in 155 mm. Howitzer rifles to remote posts on the western cliffs that no longer exist near the 1891 Lighthouse.

The cost of maintaining American military posts became an isolationist issue. Congressional hearings of base and post closure met with stiff resistance from veterans and political scientists concerned about new movements in Europe. Congressman Phil Swing of San Diego went on record opposing closure of Fort Rosecrans (Union 5/25/1931). The 1933 German invasion of Poland heralded the end of isolationism and Congress began to reassess American defense capability. There are no Army properties from this historic context ( See Navy Supply Center and Fuel Depot for representation).

War in Europe and The War Preparedness Act of 1935

The Nazi Blitzkrieg across Europe caused world powers to reconsider their safety (Joyce 1996). In the contest of wills between isolationists, nationalists, and war veterans, Congress voted to rebuild American military defense capability under the rubric of recovery from the Great Depression. In 1935 Congress directed the Army Corps of Engineers to dredge San Diego Harbor to handle larger ships (May 1999a). That same year, six Japanese spies were caught with notebooks, maps, and photographs of military installations, which further fueled public insistence for a stronger military presence (San Diego Daily News, 3/7/35). National Guard troops restored the artillery at Batteries Wilkeson, Fetterman, McGrath, White, and Whistler. Test firings of these artillery positions for the House Appropriations Committee in 1936 resulted in recommendations for funding to modernize Fort Rosecrans (San Diego Union, 7/23/36).

The following year, the Department of War implemented new artillery systems throughout the nation. Fort Rosecrans played a major role in this historic decision to rearm America.

The following properties are recommended for inclusion on the National Register because they are associated with America's recovery from the Great Depression and make a contribution toward our understanding of revitalization for military infrastructure in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration.

Battery Gillespie, 1930-1936. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A and may qualify under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Battery Gillespie Base End Station, 1936. Temporary wood frame. H-4, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Battery Strong, 1937. Building 397, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Cast concrete. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes. South of Battery Strong, portions of sandbagged trenches and two cast concrete bunker entrances indicate the surrounding area is honeycombed with historic features.

Battery Strong Base End Station, 1937. Cast concrete. H-9, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

When news reached the United States that France had fallen to the German invasion and British soldiers were streaming out of France on an immense armada of civilian and military transports, the western powers abandoned all pretense of isolationism. Congress accelerated military spending to prepare to fight the anticipated European invasion, as Canadian troops to the north shipped out to support the British military (May 1999a).

By the fall of 1940, there were 21,000 soldiers at Fort Rosecrans (San Diego Union, 10/17/40). To accommodate this massive build up, new cantonments were built at Ballast Point and at the old Upper Cantonment between the Post Cemetery and Radio Point Loma (May 1999a).

World War II, 1941-1945.

Fort Rosecrans expanded dramatically during World War II from the Endicott and Taft Period Army Post concentrated on the eastern side of Point Loma (Flower, Ike and Roth 1982). All of the 1852 Military Reservation on Point Loma became the staging area for advanced anti-naval coastal artillery and anti-aircraft batteries (Joyce 1996). Complex electrical and communications systems linked sighting base end stations and communications command centers with artillery batteries. Fort Rosecrans continued to service and staff the older obsolete Endicott and Taft Period batteries until replacements became available in 1942 and 1943. By that point in time, the Army soldiers changed uniforms, personal weapons, and living accommodations to form the new Coast Artillery Corps (May 1999a). In truth, Fort Rosecrans linked with extended units beyond Point Loma as east as Otay Mountain, North Island, and Camp Callan to the north. Within the World War II defense scheme, distinct communities were isolated and functionally insular from one another.

Since the original 28th and 115th Companies of Coast Artillery departed Fort Rosecrans in 1924 to Puget Sound, Washington, new Army units formed between 1935 and 1942 (May 1999a). The 262nd and 281 Coast Artillery Battalions formed the Fort Rosecrans units that met World War II emergencies. These soldiers of the 1930s and 1940s were entirely different than the earlier troops, as indicated by their uniforms and reason for being there. The soldiers of World War II Fort Rosecrans were largely drafted from the Mid West and East Coast to fight the war in the Pacific Theater or Europe. These were not professional soldiers, but people motivated to achieve an immediate objective.

Dredging operations to deepen San Diego Bay in 1940 provided the Army Corps of Engineers with material to fill in half the inlet north of Ballast Point to form a new building pad (Turhollow 1975). The fill allowed the Quartermaster Corps to extend Rosecrans Street south of the Naval Fuel Depot to terminate at new warehouses at Ballast Point. The 1940 building pad supported a cantonment of barracks, mess halls, and support facilities built in 1942.

Congress authorized the Department of War to rebuild America's defenses in 1935 (Turhollow 1975; Floyd 1985). The Army Quartermaster Corps worked with civilian contractors and the Works Progress Administration to carry out this Congressional mission (May 1999a).

Emergency Defense Batteries, 1941-1945. Immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, emergency defense batteries were installed along the Pacific Coast to ward off aircraft attack. Examples of those batteries exist on Point Loma (Flower, Ike and Roth 1982). With one exception, careful archaeological examination of these features has not been conducted, but .30-06 shell casings and historic glass indicates that soils contain historic archaeology features.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register because they represent America's immediate emergency response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor in the days following that pivotal event in American history:

WW II 30 Caliber Machine Gun Emplacements, 1941. H-3, Space and Naval Warfare facility. CA-SDi-13749H and CA-SDi-13750H. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because of their role in the defense of Fort Rosecrans from potential aerial assault. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches and wooden bunkers and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Three underground wooden framed 30-caliber machine gun emplacements were installed on the upper western slope of Point Loma at the northern end of Space and Naval Warfare facility. Two are spaced 100-feet apart and the other is located 300-feet west. These emplacements are wooden rooms with wood floors with stairs that lead to a 2-bunk sleeping quarters. Earth covers the roofs and one has completely collapsed.

Battery Strong Latrine, 1941. Wood frame. Building 401, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy.

Battery Strong Plotting Room and Power House, 1942. Building 549, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers and other historic archaeology covered by the Navy.

Underground Bunker, 1941-1945. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of America's early response to defending the Pacific Coast. A canyon uphill may contain historic archaeological resources.

Ground Attack Defenses, 1941-1945. Wood post and chain link boundary fence and barbed wire. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of America's early response to defending the Pacific Coast in World War II.

Searchlight Shelter, 05HS-15, and Generator Station 05HS-16, 1942. Cast concrete. This underground structure has a sliding sheet steel door that has been sealed and the Generator Station has an inclined walkway that has been filled-in with dirt. It is similar to 09HS-7. It is within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District.

Battery Bluff, 09HS-11, 1942. Cast concrete. Two emplacements of 37-mm artillery were mounted at the entrance of San Diego Harbor to protect against motor torpedo boats. This is located within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District. Oral history exists regarding construction and operation of this battery. Historical archeological resources include gun emplacements, a dug-out feature, a few surface artifacts and an isolated but deteriorating wooden plank reserve munitions storage box.

Battery Point Loma, 05HS-14, 1939-1941. Cast concrete and steel rail. Four 155-mm. artillery guns were hauled by tractor to be installed in mounts that are 90 feet apart. Three are covered with dirt, but one is exposed. Each mount has a steel circular rail that has a 38.5-foot diameter. Sandbagged communications trenches link the rear of the emplacements. Three partially underground igloo bunkers contain the remains of wood and wire bunk beds. One was dynamited and some of the trenches bulldozed in 1966, as observed by Ronald V. May. These are located with the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District. One gun ring has been documented through archeological excavations and oral history exists regarding the operation of this battery (Jones and Overton 1984). It is recorded as archeological site CA-SDi-11,936H and meets Criteria D as well as others.

Magazine, 05HS-17, 1942-1943. Cast concrete. This igloo-style magazine is identical to the 1942 Hospital Morgue Annex, uphill and west of the 1940 Hospital Annex along Sylvester Road. Interior wooden shelves are bolted to the floor. It is located within the Cabrillo National Monument Historic District.

The following properties are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register because they are associated with America's role in World War II and can contribute to our understanding of this important period of history:

Buildings 210-212, Nurses Quarters, Lower Cantonment, 1942. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A, because they contribute to our understanding of the World War II Post Hospital in the Fort Rosecrans Historic District. These buildings were built on 1940 water-landfills and do not likely to cover historic archaeology.

Battery Cabrillo, 1942. Located in two places within the Space and Naval Warfare facility near Battery Strong and at a lower elevation. Each emplacement was armed with 90mm anti-motor torpedo boat (AMTB) fixed and mobile guns. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A because they reflect emergency coastal defense measures.

Battery Command Station for Battery Cabrillo, 1941-1945. Cast concrete. H-21B. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of the sighting infrastructure necessary for gunnery calibration systems.

Base End Station for Battery Cabrillo, 1942. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of the sighting infrastructure necessary for gunnery calibration systems.

Battery Cliff (1916 Searchlight #4) 1942. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of nighttime sighting infrastructure necessary for defensive action.

(gone) Battery Fetterman and Fire Control Structures, 1943. Cast concrete. H-28B. Ineligible for inclusion on the National Register. The asphalt parking lot south and north of Coast Guard Search and Rescue Station cover portions of the Euro-American and Chinese fishing camp at the 1858-1886 Ballast Point Whaling Station at CA-SDi-12,593. Trenches in this asphalt revealed cast iron stove parts, cut and burned whale bones, Asian ceramics, butchered domestic livestock bones, 19th century bottle glass, and artifacts associated with the 1890-1957 Lighthouse. Although the California SHPO determined no National Register value to the historic lighthouse in 1988, no evaluation of the historic archaeology has been reviewed by SHPO staff. Archaeology investigations in 1988, 1989, 1991 and 1992 exposed historic archaeology trash deposits, architectural foundations and thousands of artifacts that are still under analysis by the Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation.

Building F-12, Battery Woodward, 1943. Cast concrete. H-11. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register or Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense strategy and the turning point in World War II defense technology. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building F-3, Administration Office, 1942. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents an example of support infrastructure for the Coast Artillery.

Building F-1, Administration Office, 1944. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents an example of support infrastructure for the Coast Artillery.

Buildings F-1, F-6 and F-9, Administration Offices, 1942. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents an example of support infrastructure for the Coast Artillery.

Harbor Defense Command Post, 1941. Cast concrete. Located at Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents the command infrastructure necessary to coordinate targeting and operation of the Coast Artillery during World War II. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Battery Grant, Wood and sandbags. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Battery Grant had two 6-inch guns installed in 1943. Recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense strategy and the turning point in World War II. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building 560, Battery Ashburn, 1943. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Determined eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense of the Pacific Coast and the height of artillery technology in World War II. It may qualify under Criteria C because it embodies distinctive characteristics of World War II artillery construction that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Battery Ashburn Plotting Room, 1942. Cast concrete. H-24. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Determined eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense in World War II. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building T-17, Battalion I Command Post World War II, 1941. Cast concrete. H-23. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents infrastructure necessary to coordinate targeting and operation of seacoast artillery in World War II. The soil at this site contains underground sandbagged trenches, wooden bunkers, kitchens and barracks and other historic archaeology that have been covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building 557, Harbor Defense Command Post, 1941. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents infrastructure necessary to coordinate targeting and operation of seacoast artillery in World War II. This site contains underground historic archaeological resources covered by the Navy for safety purposes.

Building 547, Battery Humphrey, 1942. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Determined eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in seacoast defense strategy and the height of artillery technology in World War II. It also may qualify under Criteria C because it embodies distinctive characteristics of World War II artillery construction that represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. No evaluation of the potential historic archaeology has been undertaken and no report exists addressing this issue.

Building 15, Administrative Office, 1945. Wood frame. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents the support infrastructure for Sea Coast Defense in World War II.

Searchlight #15, 1942. Cast concrete and steel. H-15, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of artillery sighting infrastructure during World War II. This site may contain underground historic archaeological resources.

Water Tank Foundation, 1941-1945. Cast concrete. H-17, Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of support infrastructure during World War II. The soil at this site may contain historic archaeological resources.

Conduit Box, 1941-1945. Cast concrete. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of electrical infrastructure during World War II.

Battery Zeilin, 1942. Space and Naval Warfare facility. Recommended eligible for inclusion on the National Register under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of the artillery defense of the Pacific Coast early in World War II. The soil at this site contains underground historic archaeological resources.

Building 213, Chapel, 1942. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it contributes to our understanding of the morale and welfare of American soldiers during World War II. Portions of this structure were built on 1940 water and landfills, but the western portion may cover portions of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48.

Building 112, Ordinance Repair Building, 1943. Wood frame. Naval Base Point Loma. Recommended for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Properties under Criteria A because it represents a pivotal development in sea coast defense strategies at the turning point in World War II, and it represents the height of artillery technology at that time. It also qualifies under Criteria C because it represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. Portions of the asphalt surrounding the structure includes the Army coal shed foundations and some of prehistoric site CA-SDi-48.