1. Rexford Guy Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt (New York, 1957), p. 331. In a similar vein, Searle F. Charles has written: "Programs such as NYA and the Civilian Conservation Corps, dealing with youth, seemed to consistently have a popularity not always enjoyed by FERA, WPA and PWA." See Charles, p. 153.

2. Literary Digest, CXVIII (Aug. 18, 1934), 8.

3. Roosevelt to Fechner, Oct. 11, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 3.

4. Sen. Robert R. Reynolds to Fechner, Aug. 14, 1936, Director, Correspondence.

5. See Rep. Edgar Howard (Dem., Neb.) to Fechner, June 20, 1934, ibid.

6. Sen. Joseph Guffey to Fechner, April 30, 1935, ibid. See also the heart-rending plea from Rep. Braswell Dean (Dem., Ga.), who appealed to Fechner by telegram in 1935 "with all sincerity and anxiety give me camp my home county. . . . Will be tragic if unsuccessful. . . . Please help me and the admin. on this point." Dean to Fechner, Sept. 17, 1935, ibid.

7. Rep. Robert F. Rich (Rep., Pa.) to Fechner, Aug. 17, Sept. 28, 1934, May 1, 1935, ibid.

8. Sen. Arthur Capper (Rep., Kan.) to Secretary of Agriculture, June 28, 1934, Files of the Secretary of Agriculture—Conservation; Sen. Gerald P. Nye to McIntyre, July 16, 1936, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 7.

9. See chap. iii, above. C.R., 75th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. 81, Pt. 4, p. 4364, May 11, 1937. Rep. Jennings Randolph (Dem., W. Va.) quoted an American Institute of Public Opinion poll to this effect.

10. Ibid., p. 4365.

11. Rep. J. G. Polk (Dem., O.) to Fechner, Oct. 29, 1934, Director, Correspondence. See chap. v, above.

12. Rep. Lyndon B. Johnson (Dem., Tex.) to Ickes, Nov. 22, 1937, Secretary of Interior, Records.

13. Rep. Wesley E. Disney (Dem., Okla.) to Roosevelt, June 26, 1936, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 7. See chap. iii, above.

14. Wallace to W. F. Lodge, Central States' Forestry Congress, Monticello, Ill., Oct. 19, 1933, Files of the Secretary of Agriculture-Conservation. See chap. ii, above.

15. Rep. Thomas Blanton (Dem., Tex.) to Ickes, Jan. 9, 1935, C. M. Brown to Daniel C. Roper, May 2, 1933, Sen. J. J. O'Mahoney (Dem., Wyo.) to Ickes, Sept. 5, 1934, in Secretary of Interior, Records.

16. Ickes to Farley, July 12, 1935, ibid.

17. Roosevelt to Dr. Charles E. Vercoe, secretary, Wayne County Democratic Organization, Ill., Aug. 30, 1935, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 6.

18. See Sen. Edwin C. Johnson (Dem., Colo.) to Fechner, April 5, 1937, Director, Correspondence.

19. New York Times, July 21, 1936. See chap. iii, above.

20. H. J. MacAloney to Roosevelt, Feb. 24, 1934, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 4; Holland and Hill, p. 118.

21. Fechner to McIntyre, March 11, 1935, May 4, 1936, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Boxes 5, 7.

22. Roosevelt to Fechner, July 12, 1935, ibid., Box 6.

23. Society of American Foresters to Ickes, March, 1936, Secretary of Interior, Records.

24. New York Times, Aug. 14, 1933; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Dec. 24, 1933.

25. New York Times, Feb. 18, 1934, reprint from San Francisco Chronicle.

26. Ibid., Sept. 30, 1934, reprint from Detroit News.

27. Chicago Tribune, May, 8, 11, 1935, Nov. 2, 1936.

28. Ibid., Jan. 16, 1935.

29. Boston Evening Transcript, Jan. 3, 1935, March 28, 1936.

30. McKeesport, Pa., News, Nov. 8, 1937.

31. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York, 1955), pp. 23-50; Rawick, pp. 381-382.

32. New York Herald Tribune, Jan. 10, 1935.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid., July 17, 1936. See chap. iii, above.

35. Fechner to Roosevelt, Jan. 6, 1937, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 7.

36. McKinney to Fechner, April 26, 1937, Director, Correspondence.

37. Happy Days, Dec. 26, 1936, reprint of editorial from Houston Post.

38. Wayne H. Egelston, president, Attwood, Kan., Chamber of Commerce, to Fechner, Feb. 20, 1935, Director, Correspondence.

39. Rep. H. P. Fulmer (Dem., S.C.) to Fechner, June 14, 1935, ibid. The petition thanked Roosevelt "for relieving distress and giving work to the unemployed, opening up channels of trade and putting the wheels of industry in motion, safeguarding banking institutions and restoring confidence among our people, giving value to and stabilizing prices of farm products, thus making it possible to own our homes and educate our children if these policies are continued, and believing the reforestation program outlined and inaugurated by him to be one of the most progressive of all these measures and one particularly adapted to Bamberg County as a place suited to demonstrate its real value as an economic measure" therefore called for a camp. See also Oral G. Williams, president, Bartlesville, Okla., Chamber of Commerce, to Fechner, March 17, 1935.

40. Communications from Iron River, Mich., to Ickes, Sept. 7 and 9, 1937, Secretary of Interior, Records.

41. Communications from Greeley, Colo., to Ickes, May, 1935, ibid.

42. Harper, p. 104.

43. Happy Days, Aug. 5, 1933.

44. Baltimore Sun, March 23, 1936.

45. Mrs. Frank E. Kelsey to Roosevelt, May 18, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, P.P.F. 522.

46. Office of State Relief, Ohio, to Persons, July 20, 1934, W. H. Hook, director of Commission on Unemployment, Ind., to Persons, Sept. 14, 1934, in Records of the CCC, Public Relations File, Benefit Letters.

47. Mrs. Susie Strickler, Pittsburg, Kan., to Mrs. Roosevelt, March 6, 1937, Director, Correspondence.

48. Harvey Shaw, Johnston, R.I., to Roosevelt, undated, ibid.

49. James Vassellee to Roosevelt, March 21, 1937; see also Mrs. Mary Wilson, Atlanta, Ga., to Hopkins, July 25, 1935, ibid.

50. Mrs. Thomas Williams, Russell Springs, Kan., to Fechner, May 20, 1936, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 7.

51. New York Times, Oct. 2, 1936, Jan. 17, 1937.

52. Virginia Federation of Labor to Ickes, June 6, 1935, Secretary of Interior, Records; New York Times, Oct. 13, 1935.

53. Tugwell to Cordell Hull, Aug. 5, 1935, Files of the Secretary of Agriculture—Conservation.

54. C.R.M., No. 787, Public Opinion.

55. Nixon, II, 66, 166; see also B. C. Billins to Sen. Hattie M. Carraway (Dem., Ark.), Oct. 31, 1935, Director, Correspondence.

56. See the Rev. Mr. Van Dyke, Berlin, N.H., to Roosevelt, undated, ibid.

57. Pawnee, Neb., Public Service Club to Roosevelt, March 21, 1936, ibid.

58. George Wolfskill, The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934-1940 (Boston, 1962), pp. 132, 165.

59. A good expression of this point of view can be found in George R. Leighton and Richard Hilman, "Half Slave Half Free: Unemployment, the Depression and American Young People," Harper's, CXXIII (Aug., 1935), 342-353. See also chap. iv, above.

60. Burns, p. 242; New York Times, May 27, 1936.

61. Madison, Wis., Times, May 1, 1937.

62. Schlesinger, III, 190, 199, 566-567. For an example of the changed attitude due to the Popular Front, see Max Mitchen, secretary of the Workers' Alliance of New York, to Fechner, Feb. 3, 1939, Director, Correspondence: "The Workers' Alliance stands 100% in favor of the New Deal, and seeks material on the benefits of the Youth Program of the Roosevelt Administration."

63. Frances A. Henson, secretary, American League Against War and Fascism, to Fechner, Jan. 25, 1934, Jack Melso to Fechner, Feb. 27, 1935, ibid.

64. Permanency Hearings, 1937, p. 37.

65. Ibid., pp. 37, 107-114; A. S. Link, American Epoch (New York, 1955), p. 444.

66. Schlesinger, III, 93; Holland and Hill, p. 69; M. H. Mulock, Iowa State Emergency Relief Committee, to Persons, June 2, 1934, S.D., Benefit Letters.

67. Charles Rossio, Unit 39, Illinois Workers' Alliance, to Fechner, Feb. 28, 1935, ibid.

68. See chap. i, above.

69. Mrs. Bessie Lowry to Fechner, April 17, 1933, Mrs. Martha Elliott, president, Massachusetts branch of Womens' International League for Peace and Freedom, to Fechner, June 29, 1933, F. Starkins, Rochester, N.Y., to Fechner, undated, S. A. Shaw to Roosevelt, Nov., 1933, Fechner to Starkins, June 13, 1933, all in Director, Correspondence.

70. Schlesinger, II, 339.

71. Early to Woodring, Feb. 5, 1934, Woodring to Howe, Feb. 24, 1934, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 25, Box 2, 1934.

72. Ibid.; see also New York Times, Feb. 8, 1934. There was a similar reaction when Maj. Gen. Johnson Haygood, commander of the Eighth Corps Area, wrote of the Corpsmen as having "the makings of 300,000 soldiers." See Saalberg, p. 60.

73. Fechner to Frederick J. Libby, executive secretary, National Council for Prevention of War, Jan. 30, 1934, Director, Correspondence.

74. New York Daily News, Dec. 15, 1934.

75. New York Times, Feb. 20, 1935.

76. Henry Neuman, national commander, Veterans Association, to Fechner, March 3, 1935, Director, Correspondence.

77. New York Times, March 13, 1935.

78. Committee on Militarism in Education to Roosevelt, March 12, 1935, Director, Correspondence.

79. Frank Kaplan, for Union of Private School Teachers, to Fechner, April 1, 1935, ibid.

80. Robert G. Andrus to Roosevelt, April 12, 1935, ibid.

81. Claremont Branch, American League against War and Fascism, to Fechner, April 11, 1935, Miss Mary Winson, Haverford, Pa., to Fechner, May 22, 1935, ibid.

82. Fechner to Committee on Militarism in Education, March 18, 1935, ibid.

83. Persons to Secretary of Labor, March 18, 1935, to McSwain, April 12, 1935, S.D., Correspondence, Military Aspects.

84. McSwain to Persons, April 17, 1935, ibid.

85. Happy Days, Aug. 31, 1935; Washington Post, Aug. 27, 1936; Boston Herald, Aug. 7, 1936; New York Times, Sept. 15, 1936.

86. Topeka, Kan., Capital, Oct. 11, 1936.

87. New York Herald Tribune, Oct. 4, 1936, letter from Harold Partch, American League Against War and Fascism; see also Washington Herald, Jan. 2, 1937; New York Times, Aug. 16, Sept. 17, 18, 19, and 21, 1936.