Fort Clatsop Administrative History

Chapter One

1. Dan Dattilio, Fort Clatsop: The Story Behind the Scenery, (K.C. Publications, Inc.) 1986, 6.

Chapter Two

1. Michael Silverstein, "Chinookans of the Lower Columbia", Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 7, (Washington D.C Smithsonian Institute, Government Printing Office, 1990), p. 533

2. Silverstein, 536-537.

3. Silverstein, 540

4. Silverstein, 537.

5. A puncheon is a broad piece of roughly dressed timber with one side hewn flat.

6. Gary E. Moulton, ed., The Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition, vol. 6, November 2, 1805 - March 22, 1806, (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), 146. The sinks in the Expedition journals refer to latrines. There is no mention of what kind of construction was involved.

7. Moulton, 444.

8. For more information, see John A. Hussey, "Suggested Historical Area Report, Fort Clatsop Site, Oregon", prepared for the National Park Service, Region Four, April 10, 1957, p. 11. Additional information can be found in Moore, Ethel Abbey, "Solomon Smith Built Missions", Oregon Journal, July 24, 1955, and in Rueben Gold Thwaites, ed., Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806, vol. 4, p. 138, note 1.

9. Gordon B. Dodds, The American Northwest: A History of Oregon and Washington, (Arlington Heights, Illinois: The Forum Press, Inc., 1986), 36-39

10. John A. Hussey, "Suggested Historical Area Report, Fort Clatsop Site, Oregon", prepared for the National Park Service, Region Four, April 10, 1957, 7.

11. For more information on visitation to the site in the 1800's, see John Hussey's Suggested Historical Area report, including footnotes 3-16.

12. Hussey, 29.

13. It is not clear how much timber was produced through this mill or what percentage of the surrounding acreage was logged.

14. Hussey, 29.

15. Hussey, 29.

16. Harlan Smith again visited the site around 1966 and toured the site with Superintendent James Thomson. Smith lived to be 100 years old, passing away in California in 1970.

17. A copy of the transcript from the Harlan Smith interview is located in the Fort Clatsop Park Archive, National Archives and Records Center, Seattle, history files (hereafter cited as Fort Clatsop Archive). The interview was conducted by Regional Historian John Hussey and Regional Archeologist Paul Schumacher, after their Suggested Historical Area Report was completed.

18. Hussey, 32.

19. Hussey, 32.

20. David Ek to the author, 13 October 1994.

21. Hussey, 33.

22. Hussey, 33.

23. Testimony of Carlos Shane, Proceedings of the Oregon Historical Society, 1900, Fort Clatsop Archive, 20-21.

24. Hussey, 19.

25. The current spring presented at the memorial lies north of the fort replica.

26. According to a 1985 list compiled by Frank Walker and community members involved in the project, 12 groups were involved in donating time, effort, labor, workspace, or money: the Astoria Junior Chamber of Commerce, the Clatsop County Historical Society, Crown Zellerbach, Finnish Brotherhood, Lions Club of Astoria, Gray Logging Company, Astoria Marine Construction Company, Astoria Port Commission, Pacific Power and Light, Ladies Auxiliary, and the Colonial Dames of America, Oregon Chapter.

27. Minutes of Clatsop County Historical Society, 3 I August 1955, Fort Clatsop Archive.

28. Wilt Paulson, interview with the author, 9 December 1993.

29. Interviews with former Jaycees with the author, 4-5 January 1994.

30. Ruth Shaner, interview by the author, 5 January 1994.

31. Michael Foster continued working as a seasonal for the memorial during the first four years of operation and in 1972 became a member of the Fort Clatsop Historical Association board. He still serves on the board. (1994)

32. Moulton, 140.

33. Moulton, 175.

34. Lancaster Pollard, Lewis and Clark at Seaside, (Seaside: Seaside Chamber of Commerce, 1954).

35. Testimony of Silas B. Smith, Oregon Historical Society, Fort Clatsop Archive.

36. Testimony of Jennie Michel, Oregon Historical Society, Fort Clatsop Archive.

37. Clatsop County Deed Records, Book 71, 64.

Chapter Three

1. Congressional Record, 60th Cong., 1st sess., 142.

2. A.N. Thorndike to Senator Richard L. Neuberger, 6 February 1956, Fort Clatsop Archive.

3. Senator Richard L. Neuberger to Malcolm Bauer, 27 June 1956, Fort Clatsop Archive.

4. Congressional Record, 84th Cong., 2d sess., 1956, 9567.

5. Conrad L. Wirth to Dr. Franklin B. Queen, 16 November 1953, Fort Clatsop Archive.

6. Paul J.F. Schumacher, "Report of Archeological Excavations at Fort Clatsop National Memorial", prepared for the National Park Service, 1957

7. John A. Hussey, telephone conversation with author, 17 December 1993.

8. From an October 1973 list of members of the Oregon Governor's Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation Committee, Fort Clatsop Archive.

9. Jim Thomson to Thomas Vaughan, 11 September 1968, Fort Clatsop Archive.

10. John A. Hussey to Thomas Vaughan, 19 September 1968, Fort Clatsop Archive.

11. John Miele to Regional Director, PNRO, 10 September 1973, Fort Clatsop Archive.

12. U.S. Representative Les AuCoin to Dr. E.G. Chuinard, 23 March 1978, Fort Clatsop Archive.

13. Thomas Vaughan to Oregon Governor Robert Straub, 31 May 1978, Fort Clatsop Archive.

14. Ronald Foresta, America's National Parks and their Keepers, (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1984), 80-81.

15. John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 182.

16. Foresta, 149.

Chapter Four

1. Charles Peterson, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1963, Fort Clatsop Archive.

2. James Thomson, interview by the author, 10 November 1993.

3. James Thomson, interview by the author, 10 November 1993.

4. James Thomson, interview by the author, 10 November 1993.

5. Paul Haertel, interview by the author, 7 December 1993.

6. Paul Haertel, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1972.

7. John Miele, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1973, Fort Clatsop Archive.

8. There is debate whether the dog's name was Seaman or Scannon, but the memorial uses the name Seaman. A piece of evidence in support of the name Seaman is Seaman Creek in Montana, which was named by the Expedition.

9. Frank Walker, interview with the author, 3 November 1993.

10. Frank Walker, interview by the author, 3 November 1993.

11. Michael Foster, Chairman of the FCHA board, interview by the author, 6 April 1994.

12. The Project Manager position is the NPS representative on the Ebey's Landing Trust Board.

13. Cynthia Orlando, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1991, Fort Clatsop Archive.

14. Cynthia Orlando, interview with author, 18 August 1994.

15. Interview with Cynthia Orlando, 7 January 1994.

16. Cynthia Orlando, "Superintendent's Annual Report", 1992, Fort Clatsop Archive.

17. Jane T. Merritt, The Administrative History of Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, prepared for the National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, 1993, 101.

18. "Annual Report of Cooperating Association, 1974", Fort Clatsop Historical Association.

19. Merritt, 101.

20. Sandy Reinebach, interview by the author, 6 January 1994.

21. FCHA was able to purchase a portion of Robert Lange's personal library regarding the Lewis and Clark Expedition and western history. Robert Lange was a member of the Lewis and Clark Heritage Trail Committee and an influential member of Oregon Lewis and Clark groups. He assisted the memorial in research and development of their costumed demonstration programs. Total, FCHA purchased many volumes, some of Lange's personal papers, minutes from heritage trail committee meetings, artifacts from the 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition, and many other items.

Chapter Five

1. Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and their Keepers, (Washington D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1984), 54.

2. Lawrence Merriam to National Park Service Director, 13 February 1958, Fort Clatsop Archive.

3. Press Release from Office of Senator Richard L. Neuberger, 22 June 1958, Fort Clatsop Archive.

4. "Boundary Status Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 19 August 1958, Fort Clatsop Archive.

5. Associate Regional Director, Region Four, to National Park Service Director, 28 December 1962, Fort Clatsop Archive.

6. Hussey, 44.

7. Hussey, 44.

8. Neal Butterfield to Region Four Director, 9 September 1958, Fort Clatsop Archive.

9. Charles Peterson to Regional Director, Region Four, 26 July 1961, Fort Clatsop Archive.

10. Charles Peterson, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1961, Fort Clatsop Archive.

11. Carl Parcher Russell worked for the Park Service for 34 years, 1923 to 1957. During that time he served as the Chief of the museum division, the wildlife division, and as the Chief Naturalist. He also served as Director of Region One and as Superintendent of Yosemite National Park. Just prior to his retirement, Russell served as the Coordinator of Research and Interpretation, Region Four. Russell specialized in the history of the fur trade and the everyday life of the frontier. Russell provided documentation for historical interpretation of frontier and pioneer life for the Park Service and other agencies. The Region Four office contracted Russell to complete the historical data for the Fort Clatsop structure, as well as the first exhibit plan for the visitor center.

12. Hussey, John, and Russell, Carl P., "Historic Structures Report and Furnishing Plan--Fort Clatsop Replica", Part I, prepared for the National Park Service, Region Four, December 1959, a.

13. Hussey, f.

14. Hussey and Russell, 35.

15. Hussey and Russell, 43-44.

16. In part one of the historic structures report, Schumacher uses the word bulldozer in describing future excavations. In reporting the results of those excavations in part two of the report, Schumacher uses the word backhoe. The author is deferring to the use of backhoe in the belief that is the machinery he used. A bulldozer would have been damaging to any archeological materials.

17. Harold G. Fowler, "Landscape Data, Historic Structures Report and Furnishings Plan, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", prepared for the National Park Service, 1959, 85.

18. Lyle E. Bennett, Supervisory Architect, WODC, to the Regional Director, Region Four, 29 January 1960, Fort Clatsop Archive.

19. Charles L. Peterson and Burnby Bell, "Historic Structures Report and Furnishings Plan, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", Part II, prepared for the National Park Service, 1962, 2.

20. Peterson and Bell, 3.

21. Bryn Thomas of Eastern Washington University, Archeological and Historical Service's, points out that while extensive root systems can destroy archeological evidence, those same roots would have been modified, i.e. cut or burned, by the Expedition and those modifications would provide evidence of building at the site.

Chapter Six

1. Visitation Statistics, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, Fort Clatsop Archive.

2. Marty E. Lee, "1986 Visitor Survey Report", Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Oregon State University, Fort Clatsop Archive.

3. Additional visitor comments from the 1986 visitor survey, Fort Clatsop Archive.

4. Five of the memorial's superintendents have lived on site in residence #1. The memorial's administrative officers Jack Houston and Blanche Henderson occupied residence #3 during the terms of Superintendents Peterson and Thomson, respectively. Residence #3 has also been occupied by memorial rangers. At present, the memorial law enforcement ranger and a member of the maintenance staff live in the memorial residences.

5. 1980 Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services, Fort Clatsop Archive.

6. Frank Walker, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1988, Fort Clatsop Archive.

7. Ricardo Perez, interview by the author, 6 January 1994.

8. Cynthia Orlando, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1992, Fort Clatsop Archive.

9. David Ek, interview by the author, 18 August 1994.

10. Cynthia Orlando, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial" 1992, Fort Clatsop Archive.

11. John Miele, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1973, Fort Clatsop Archive.

12. John Miele, "Superintendents Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1973, Fort Clatsop Archive.

13. Frank Walker, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1988, Fort Clatsop Archive.

14. Project justification and planning files, D34, Fort Clatsop Archive.

15. Cynthia Orlando, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1990, Fort Clatsop Archive.

16. For more information on planning for the visitor center expansion, see D3415, Folders 31-33, Fort Clatsop Archive, as well as Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1988-1991.

17. Frank Walker, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1988, Fort Clatsop Archive.

18. Frank Walker, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1989, Fort Clatsop Archive.

19. Cynthia Orlando, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1990, Fort Clatsop Archive.

20. Visual Compatibility Guidelines for Fort Clatsop National Memorial, NPS, Engineering/Design and Maintenance Division, PNRO, 1990, 1.

Chapter Seven

1. Louis Caywood, "Archaeological Report", Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. XLIX, No.3, September 1948, 209-210.

2. Caywood, 209-210.

3. Caywood, 209-210.

4. Thomas Vaughan, interview with the author, 17 November 1993.

5. Interviews with former Jaycee members, January 4-5, 1994.

6. 19th and 20th century items included china shards, domestic cow bones, pottery shards, glass bottle pieces, a horseshoe, harness pieces, and pieces of an iron stove. Those items considered to be possible America Indian materials were a bone awl and a blue glass bead. However, those items could also be from the Expedition. The party carried such trade items as blue glass beads, trading and collecting cultural items such as bone awls. Such items could have been from either group.

7. Schumacher, 16.

8. Cynthia Orlando, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial" 1990, Fort Clatsop Archive.

9. Visit to the site in 1813 by British fur trader and military captain recorded two Clatsop houses. Early anthropological studies of the Northwest Coast American Indian population and village locations indicate a possible village at Fort Clatsop. See Silverstein, Michael, "Chinookans of the Lower Columbia", Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, Smithsonian Institute, Government Printing Office, 1990.

10. Harlan Smith, transcript of an NPS interview conducted 6 July 1957, Fort Clatsop Archive.

11. For more information on the survey history, see resource management specialist David Ek's summary, written May 19, 1994, in the memorial's files.

12. The memorial has been in contact with the Chinookan tribe in assisting them determine what items at Fort Vancouver need be repatriated under the Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act.

13. Scope of Collections Statement for Fort Clatsop National Memorial, 1987, 3.

14. Resource Management Plan for Fort Clatsop National Memorial, 1994, 32-33.

15. Marsha Tolon to Superintendent, Fort Clatsop National Memorial, 10 May 1991, Fort Clatsop Archive.

16. John Miele, interview by the author, 9 November 1993.

17. Bob Scott and Frank Walker, "Superintendents Annual Reports, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1980-1986, Fort Clatsop Archive.

18. Resource Management Plan, Fort Clatsop National Memorial, 1984, Fort Clatsop Archive.

19. Resource Management Plan, Fort Clatsop National Memorial, 1986, Fort Clatsop Archive.

20. James Agee, "A Conceptual Plan for Forest Landscape, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", University of Washington, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, 1989, Fort Clatsop Archive.

21. Resource Management Plan, Fort Clatsop National Memorial, 1994

22. "Fort Clatsop National Memorial: Water Resources Scoping Report", 1994, 28.

Chapter Eight

1. Charles Peterson, "Superintendents Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial" 1964, Fort Clatsop Archive.

2. The dugout canoe was originally loaned to the Clatsop County Historical Society Museum. In 1960, when the loan renewal came due, Burnby Bell (no relation) negotiated with the family to loan the canoe to the park service instead.

3. Barry Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service: A Historical Perspective, prepared for the National Park Service, History Division, 1986, 23.

4. For specific journal entries relevant to the activities portrayed most often by the interpretation staff, see journal entries of Lewis and Clark, 1 January 1806, 9 January 1806, and 20 January 1806.

5. The interpretive collection of items for furnishing the fort replica currently holds over 800 items. The collection includes axes, adzes, woodworking tools, furs, hides, black powder weapons, blankets, buffalo hides, buckskin pants, shirts, moccasins, capotes (a blanket coat), cooking utensils (tin plates, horn spoons), copper and brass buckets, American Indian trade goods (medals, looking glasses, beads, fish hooks), journals, candles, molds, powder horns, kegs, wooden boxes, hats (raccoon fur, beaver fur, and others), military officers coats, flints and steels, lamps and lanterns, among other items.

6. Bob Scott, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1983, Fort Clatsop Archive.

7. Timothy Walker represented York as a ranger at the memorial for two seasons, 1979-80. Harold Bailey replaced Walker for the 1981 season. A local man hired to replace Bailey for the 1982 season quit before the season started, citing personal reasons. Hiring or recruiting people of a specific gender or race also caused accusations of discriminatory hiring practices in at least one instance. Elaine Miles and Marsha Putman are among the women who have represented Sacagawea.

8. Bob Scott, interview with the author, 13-14 December 1993.

9. Frank Walker, interview with the author, 3 November 1993.

10. Letter from Scott Eckberg to author, 1 August 1994

11. Scott Eckberg, previous interpretive specialist at Fort Clatsop National Memorial, interview with the author, 20 April 1994.

12. Eckberg, interview with author, 20 April 1994.

13. Barbe Minard, former seasonal ranger at Fort Clatsop National Memorial, interview with the author, 19 May 1994.

14. Background of the Ranger on the Road program, written by Interpretive Specialist Scott Eckberg, 1988, Fort Clatsop Archive.

Chapter Nine

1. "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1965-1992, Fort Clatsop Archive.

2. "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1966-1992, and narrative interpretive reports, Fort Clatsop Archive.

3. Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Fort Clatsop National Memorial, October 1993.

4. Park ranger Ricardo Perez, interview by the author, 6 January 1994.

5. John Miele, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1973, Fort Clatsop Archive.

6. Information regarding Coast Guard assistance was found in the superintendent's annual reports and was supplemented by interviews with memorial staff.

7. Annual Statements for Interpretation and Visitor Services, K1817, Fort Clatsop Archive.

8. Exhibit planning files, D6215, Fort Clatsop Archive.

9. Cynthia Orlando, "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1990-1991, Fort Clatsop Archive.

10. Public relations files, A38, Fort Clatsop Archive.

11. Cynthia Orlando to the author, 13 October 1994.

12. "Superintendent's Annual Report, Fort Clatsop National Memorial", 1981-1991, Fort Clatsop Archive.

13. "Fort Clatsop Historical Association annual report", Fiscal Year 1983, 21 December 1983.

Chapter Ten

1. Project justification and planning files, D34, Fort Clatsop Archive.

2. General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan/Final Environmental Impact Statement, Fort Clatsop National Memorial, June, 1995, 129.

3. Draft General Management Plan (GMP), Fort Clatsop National Memorial, October 1993, 15-24.

4. Draft GMP, 15.

5. Draft GMP, 16-17.

6. Draft GMP, 17.

7. Draft GMP, 19-20.

8. Draft GMP, 21-22.

9. Draft GMP, 22-23.

10. Draft GMP, 2.

11. Draft GMP, 3-4.

12. General Management Plan, 134.

13. For a sample of public comment against the GMP in the press, refer to the following articles or editorials: Editorial, The Columbia Press, 24 December 1993; "Fort Clatsop expansion plan puts neighbors up in arms", The Sunday Oregonian, 19 December 1993 C10; "Farmers irked over Fort Clatsop plans", The Daily Astorian, 23 November 1993, 1; "City unhappy about expansion plans", The Columbia Press, 24 November 1993, 1-2.

14. General Management Plan, 131-134.

15. General Management Plan, 130-135.

16. General Management Plan, v.

17. General Management Plan, iv-v.

18. General Management Plan, iii.