FORT UNION Historic Structure Report

¹Fran Levine and William Westbury, with Lisa Nordstrum, A History of Archeological Investigations at Fort Union National Monument, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Professional Papers no. 44 (Santa Fe: National Park Service, 1992); Liping Hzu, Fort Union National Monument: An Administrative History, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Professional Papers no. 42 (Santa Fe: National Park Service, 1992); Leo Oliva, Fort Union and the Frontier Army in the Southwest, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Professional Papers no. 41 (Santa Fe: National Park Service, 1993); Jerome Greene and Dwight Pitcaithley, Historic Structure Report: Historical Data Section, The Third Fort Union, 1863-1891, Fort Union National Monument, New Mexico (Denver: National Park Service, 1982).

¹Jack D. Rittenhouse, The Santa Fe Trail: A Historical Bibliography (Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1971), 16-17.

²Louise Barry, The Beginning of the West: Annals of the Kansas Gateway to the American West, 1540-1854, (Topeka, Kansas: Kansas State Historical Society), 160.

³Rittenhouse, The Santa Fe Trail: A Historical Bibliography, 17.

⁴A.V. Bender, Government Explorations in the Territory of New Mexico, 1846-1859," New Mexico Historical Review, 9:1 (January, 1934), 242.

⁵Annie Abel, compiler, The Official Correspondence of James S. Calhoun While Indian Agent at Santa Fe and Superintendent of Indian Affairs in New Mexico (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1915), 383-4.

⁶Ibid., 384.

⁷Robert Frazer, ed., Mansfield on the Condition of Western Military Forts (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), xvi-xvii.

⁸Military historian Robert Frazer noted that "Sumner sought the reduction of expenses with a vigor that made a virtual fetish of economy." See Frazer's Forts and Supplies: The Role of the Army in the Economy of the Southwest, 1846-1861 (Albuquerque, New Mexico: The University of New Mexico Press, 1983), 62.

⁹Microfilm 167, Reel 1305, Returns from U.S. Military Posts 1800-1916, Fort Union, July 1851-December 1865, Chronology.

¹⁰For further information on the choice of location of Fort Union, see Leo Oliva's Study, Fort Union and The Frontier Army, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Professional Papers No. 41.

¹¹Leo Oliva, Soldiers on the Santa Fe Trail (Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1967), 105.

¹²Microfilm 617, Reel 1305, Returns from U.S. Military Posts 1800-1916, Fort Union July 1851-December 1865.

¹³Arrott, Reel 6, File 1, 1889, transcript of "Records of the War Department," Office of the Adjutant General, Reservation File under Division of the Missouri, 1889.

¹⁴Ibid., no pagination.

¹⁵Ibid., 119.

¹⁶Ibid.

¹⁷A.V. Bender, "Frontier Defense in the Territory of New Mexico, 1846-1853," New Mexico Historical Review, 9:3 (July, 1934), 264.

¹⁸Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 166-167.

¹⁹NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1168, passim.

²⁰Shortly thereafter Grover became a Brigadier General of the volunteers.

²¹Arrott, Reel 2, File 4, 1861, Orders No 30 from Headquarters 9th Military District, Santa Fe, May 11, 1862.

²²Arrott, Reel 3, File 2, 1866, Brevet Brigadier General James H. Carleton, Commanding, to Colonel Joseph Bell, Assistant Adjutant General, Department Headquarters, July 15, 1866.

²³Arrott, Reel 4, File 3, 1868, Assistant Adjutant General J.C. Kelton to Major General P.H. Sheridan, Department of the Missouri, September 17, 1868. The survey notes and the maps were submitted to the General Land Office. The General Land Office microfilm at the Bureau of Land Management in Santa Fe includes the maps but no survey notes.

²⁴That group of buildings is studied in the Historic Structure Report, Historical Data Section, The Third Fort Union, 1863-1891, Fort Union National Monument, New Mexico by Dwight T. Pitcaithley and Jerome A. Greene (Denver: National Park Service, Denver Service Center, 1982).

²⁵Brig. General James H. Carleton, Headquarters, Department of New Mexico, Fort Union, to Brig. General Montgomery Meigs, Quartermaster General, Washington, D.C., November 3, 1862.

²⁶Mrs. Orsemus Boyd, Cavalry Life in Tent and Field, (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1982), 199-200.

²⁷Arrott Reel 6, File 1, 1883 citing "Medical History" record for January, 1883; also Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 398.

²⁸NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1167, letter April 24, 1883 from Assistant Quartermaster to Post Adjutant.

²⁹The author came across a copy of a telegram sent from Santa Fe to Fort Union on September 14, 1869 concerning the arrival of a Company at the Fort in the Arrott Collection, Reel 4 File 3, 1869. Also, NARG 393, Records of the U.S.A. Continental Command, Unregistered Letters Received, includes a copy U.S. military telegraph (dated September 5, 1864) from the adjutant general's office saying that the secretary of war directed that 100-gun salutes be fired at Santa Fe and the arsenal at Fort Union in honor of the victories at Mobile and Atlanta. So, a military telegraph line did reach Santa Fe by 1864; but the date at which it reached Fort Union remains unclear.

³⁰Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 385.

³¹Ibid., 400-403.

³²Ibid., 407-409.

³³NARG Microfilm M-617, Roll 1305.

³⁴Fort Union Fact File, Interviews with Pedro Archuleta, Watrous, New Mexico, July 24, 1960 and Oliver Mayhan, Shoemaker, New Mexico, July 24, 1960.

³⁵Author's conversation with Dr. Lister, February, 1989.

³⁶Fort Union Fact File, Interviews, Interview with Louis Timm, Las Vegas, New Mexico, June 8, 1959.

¹David Clary, These Relics of Barbarism: A History of Furniture in Barracks and Guardhouses of the United States Army, 1800-1880 (Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: National Park Service), 315-317.

²Robert W. Frazer, Forts of the West, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), xviii-xix.

³Balloon framing is a structural system where all of the vertical structural elements of the exterior bearing walls and partitions consist of single studs which extend the full height of the frame, from the top of the soleplate to the roof plate. All of the floor joists are fastened by nails to studs.

⁴Billings stated that the Sibley tent may have been designed by a private in Sibley's command. John D. Billings, Hardtack and Coffee: The Unwritten Story of Army Life (Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 1960), 37.

⁵Ibid., 37-39.

⁶Ibid., 40.

⁷Ibid., 41-47.

⁸Ibid., 41.

⁹Clary, These Relics of Barbarism, 336-340.

¹⁰Ibid., 242.

¹¹Alice Ann Cleveland, "Bricks in New Mexico," April 16, 1965, no pagination, citing NARG 92.

¹NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1168, August 4, 1851, Captain McFerran to Captain Easton, Assistant Quartermaster, Santa Fe.

²Arrott Collection, Katie Bowen Letters, Katie Bowen to her mother, August 24, 1851.

³Ibid., Katie Bowen to her mother, August 24 and September 2, 1851. Since the tents would not support structurally any weight of significance, the "bower" that Katie Bowen described most likely was a free-standing structure of four upright poles in the ground with a shading "roof" of branches.

⁴Copy of letter from Charlotte Sibley to "Cousin George" August 31, 1851, included in correspondence to Superintendent Harry Myers from Wade Shipley, Lovington, New Mexico, October 3, 1989.

⁵NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1167, September 1, 1851. Major Sibley to Quartermaster, Washington.

⁶NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1167, Major Sibley to General, Head of Quartermaster Department, Washington, September 2, 1851.

⁷Arrott Collection, Katie Bowen Letters, Katie Bowen to her mother, September 14, 1851 and Isaac Bowen to his father, September 30, 1851.

⁸Ibid., Katie Bowen to her father, May 1, 1852.

⁹NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1167, October 3, 1851, Sibley to Chief Quartermaster, Washington, D.C.

¹⁰Ibid., Box 1168, November 3, 1851, Sibley to Quartermaster General.

¹¹Ibid., Sibley to General Jesup, December 3, 1851.

¹²Ibid., Sibley to "General" April 1, 1852.

¹³32nd Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Executive Documents, No. 1, Part II 75, Captain E.S. Sibley, Assistant Quartermaster, Fort Union, September 1, 1852.

¹⁴Arrott Collection, Katie Bowen Letters, Katie Bowen to her mother, April 28, 1853.

¹⁵Ibid., Katie Bowen to her mother, May 28, 1852.

¹⁶Ibid., Katie Bowen to her mother, May 28, 1852.

¹⁷Ibid., Katie Bowen to her mother and Father, February 29, 1852.

¹⁸Ibid., Katie Bowen to her parents, November 2, 1851.

¹⁹Ibid., Katie Bowen to her parents, January 2, 1853; and Katie Bowen to her father, May 1, 1852.

²⁰Ibid., Katie Bowen to her mother, November 1, 1852; November 28, 1852; and May 29, 1853.

²¹Ibid., Isaac Bowen to Katie Bowen's mother and father, October 3, 1852. The trench was treacherous enough that Katie fell and broke her leg when she tripped on the edge of the trench as she stepped from the kitchen.

²²Ibid., Katie Bowen to her mother, January 30, 1853.

²³Ibid., Katie Bowen to her mother, May 28, 1852.

²⁴Ibid., Katie Bowen to her mother and father, February 29, 1852.

²⁵Arrott Collection, Reel 2, File 2, 1859, Excerpting Orders No. 58, September 7, 1859, from NARG 93, Fort Union Orders, 46A.

²⁶NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1168, Letter from Acting Assistant Quartermaster (name illegible) to Major Donelson in Santa Fe, April 3, 1861.

²⁷Arrott Collection, Katie Bowen Letters, Katie Bowen to her father and mother, March 3, 1853.

²⁸Ibid., Katie Bowen to her mother, April 28, 1853.

²⁹NARG 156, Entry 121, 1852, S 215, M.S.K. Shoemaker to Colonel H.H. Craig, June 15, 1852.

³⁰NARG 156, Entry 21, 1853, S 41, Shoemaker to Col. Craig, Chief of Ordnance, December 1, 1852.

³¹NARG 393, Entry 3206, Department of New Mexico, Quartermaster Letters and Reports Received 1853-1860, "Reports of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores ready for issue at the Depot of Fort Union, New Mexico, August 1, 1853."

³²Arrott Collection, Katie Bowen Letters, Katie Bowen to her parents, May 29, 1852.

³³Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 141-143.

³⁴Because these are outside the park boundary, they have not been surveyed and are not included in this report.

³⁵Arrott Collection, Katie Bowen Letters, Katie Bowen to her mother, May 28, 1852.

³⁶Robert Frazer, ed., Mansfield on the Condition of Western Military Forts (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), 14-16.

³⁷W.W.H. Davis, El Gringo: or, New Mexico and Her People (New York, 1857), 32-33. Davis was travelling from the states to Santa Fe by mail wagon in 1853 to take over the job of attorney general of New Mexico.

³⁸NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1168, July 15, 1854, Lt. Col. George Moore, Assistant Quartermaster, Fort Union, to Maj. Gen. Jesup, Quartermaster General, Washington, "Annual Inspection of the Barracks, Quarters &c. &c. at Fort Union, made in obedience to General order No. 114 of May 23, 1853.

³⁹Ibid.

⁴⁰Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 192, quoting Colonel Fauntleroy.

⁴¹Ibid., 198-199.

⁴²Ibid., 201-202 quoting from 36 Congress, I Session, Senate Executive Documents.

⁴³Ibid., 201-202.

⁴⁴Ibid., 201-202, quoting from 36 Congress, I Session, Senate Executive Documents.

⁴⁵Arrott, Reel 1, File 1, 1856, Bvt. Brigadier General John Garland to Adjutant General Col. S. Cooper, Washington, April 29, 1856.

⁴⁶Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of Southwest, 198-199.

⁴⁷NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1168, June 27, 1856, Captain Easton to General Jesup, Washington.

⁴⁸Ibid., Captain John G. McFerran to Captain Easton, July 4, 1856.

⁴⁹Arrott, Reel 2, File 2, Captain Morris, post commander to Lt. Jno. Wilkins, Company D 3rd Infantry, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Department of New Mexico, August 23, 1859.

⁵⁰Ibid., 1859, Jno. Wilkings, 1st Lt., 3rd Infantry, A.A.A.G., to Captain R.M. Morris, R.M.R., Commanding, Fort Union, August 25, 1859.

⁵¹Ibid., 1859, Captain Morris, Fort Union to Lt. Jno. Wilkins, A.A.A.G., Santa Fe, August 30, 1859.

⁵²NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1167, Letter to Quartermaster General, Washington for 2nd Lt., 2nd Rifles, A.A.Q.M., Fort Union, July 8, 186l.

⁵³NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1169, Captain W.K. Van Bokkelen to Major General T.S. Jesup, January 2, 1861.

⁵⁴Arrott, Reel 2 File 2, 1861, Maj. Chapman, Fort Union to Lt. Anderson, A.A.A.G., Santa Fe, August 17, 1861.

⁵⁵Arrott, Reel 2, File 2, 1861, General Orders No. 46, July 10, 1861, excerpted from NARG 93, Fort Union Orders, 46A.

⁵⁶NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1168, Major Donaldson to Quartermaster General, September 21, 1862.

⁵⁷NARG 393, Records of the U.S.A. Continental Command, 1821-1920, Fort Union New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received, June 1862-December 1865, Capt. Plympton at Fort Union to A.A.A. General, Department of New Mexico, April 20, 1863.

⁵⁸NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1168, Alexander Robb to A.A.Q.M. to Major Wallen, 7th Infantry, Commanding Post, Fort Union, June 30, 1862.

⁵⁹Fort Union Fact File, First Fort, February 22, 1863, and Arrott, Reel 2, File 1, 1863, Brig. General James Carleton, Commanding, Headquarters, Department of New Mexico to Captain William Craig, Depot Quartermaster, Fort Union, February 22, 1863.

⁶⁰Fort Union Article File, Q 160 Star Fort, NARG 98, Department of New Mexico Orders, v. 40, 246-247, Headquarters, Department of New Mexico, April 10, 1863.

⁶¹Arrott Collection, Reel 9, File 1, Eveline Alexander Troop Diary, August 15, 1866.

⁶²Arrott Collection, Reel 3, File 2, 1866, passim.

⁶³Arrott Collection, Reel 4, File 5, 1866, Major E.G. Marshall, Fort Union to Bvt. Major Cyrus DeForrest, A.A.G., District of New Mexico, November, 1866.

¹Arrott, Reel 2, File 2, 1861, Maj Wm. Chapman to Lt. Anderson, A.A.A.G., Santa Fe, August 2, 1861.

²Ibid.

³Francis Treveylan Miller, ed., The Photographic History of the Civil War: Forts and Artillery (New York: Castle Books), 210.

⁴D.H. Mahan, A Treatise on Filed Fortifications, Containing Introductions on the Methods of Laying Out, Constructing, Defending, and Attacking Entrenchments, with the General Outlines Also of the Arrangement, the Attack, and Defense of Permanent Fortifications (New York: John Wiley, 1852), 2.

⁵Ibid., 2.

⁶Miller, The Photographic History of the Civil War: Forts and Artillery, 212-217.

⁷Although some researchers protest the use of the term "star fort" for the second Fort Union, contemporary accounts refer to it as the "earthworks", the "fortification," and the "star fort."

⁸Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 247. Based on the calculations listed above, the star fort in theory could withstand an assault of 1800 to 2400 troops.

⁹Fort Union Fact File, Star Fort, quoting letter from Maj. William Chapman, Commander of Fort Union to Col. E.R.S. Canby, Commander of the Department of New Mexico, August 26, 1861.

¹⁰Fort Union Fact File, Star Fort, quoting letter of August 7, 1861 from Chapman to Lt. A.S. Anderson, Department of New Mexico.

¹¹NARG 156, Entry 21, 1861, 5, 639, Shoemaker to General Ripley, August 5, 1861.

¹²Arrott, Reel 2, File 2, 1861, Lt. A.L. Anderson, A.A.A.G., Santa Fe to Lt. Col. Wm. Chapman, Fort Union, August 11, 1861.

¹³Arrott Reel 2, File 3, 1861, passim.

¹⁴Ibid., Col. Canby September 5, 1861, to Colonel ? at Fort Union.

¹⁵NARG 156, Entry 21, 1861, S 735, William Shoemaker to General Ripley, September 9, 1861.

¹⁶Arrott Reel 2, File 4, 1861, Lt. Anderson to Lt. Col. William Chapman, October 6, 1861.

¹⁷Ibid., Chapman to Nicodemus, October 20, 1861.

¹⁸Ibid., Reel 2, File 3, 1861, Maj. Chapman to Capt. Chapin, A.A.A.G., September 25, 1861.

¹⁹Ibid., Reel 2, File 4, 1861, Maj. Chapman to Capt. Chapin, A.A.A.G., October 2, 1861.

²⁰Ibid., Reel 2, File 1, 1862, Col. G.R. Paul to A.A.A.G Nicodemus, January 7, 1862.

²¹Fort Union Fact File, Star Fort, quoting Rocky Mountain News, Tuesday, February 24, 1862.

²²Arrott, Reel 2, File 2, 1862, Ovando Hollister, Boldly They Rode: A History of the First Colorado Regiment of Volunteers (1863 edition, republished by Golden Press, 1949).

²³Arrott, Reel 2, File 2, 1861, Lt. Anderson to Lt. Col. Chapman, August 27, 1861.

²⁴NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1168, Alexander Robb, A.A.Q.M. to Major Wallen, 7th Infantry, Post Commander, Fort Union, June 30, 1862.

²⁵NARG 393, Records of U.S.A. Continental Command, 1821-1920, Fort Union, New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received, June 1862-December 1865, Quartermaster J. L. Donaldson to Captain McFerran, June 27, 1862.

²⁶Arrott, Reel 2, File 4, 1862, Post Commander to A.A.A.G., Headquarters, June 8, 1862.

²⁷Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 247-281, citing Canby to Adjutant General, July 22, 1862, NARG 98, Department of New Mexico Letters, Volume 12, 330-334.

²⁸NARG 393, Records of U.S.A. Continental Command, 1821-1920, Fort Union, New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received June 1862-December 1865, [illeg] Captain, 7th Infantry, A.A.A. General, Headquarters, to Captain Plympton, June 12, 1862.

²⁹Fort Union Fact File, Star Fort, including copy of letter of Jun 20, 1862 from Capt. Plympton to Adjutant General's Office in Santa Fe.

³⁰Ibid., citing NARG 98, Department of New Mexico Letter, Volume 13, 181, Headquarters to Captain Plympton, November 20, 1862.

³¹Arrott, Reel 2, File 5, 1862, excerpted from NARG 98, Department of New Mexico letters, 12, 330-334, no signature, letter from Brigadier General Vols., Department Commander, to General, the Adjutant of the Army, July 22, 1862. The redoubt was never constructed.

³²Ibid., Reel 2, File 6, 1862, Special Orders 177, October 1, 1862, excerpted from NARG 98, District of New Mexico Orders, volume 40, 176-177

³³Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 281.

³⁴Arrott, Reel 2, File 1, 1862, Carleton to Plympton, November 16 and November 20, 1862.

³⁵Fort Union Fact File, Star Fort, quoting Mesilla Times, December 12, 1862.

³⁶NARG 393, Records of U.S.A. Continental Command, Fort Union, New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received, June 1862-December 1865, M.S.K. Shoemaker, Fort Union, to Captain Plympton, Commander, Fort Union, November 26, 1862.

³⁷The plans were not attached to the copy of the letter in NARG 393.

³⁸NARG 393, Records of the U.S.A. Continental Command, 1821-1920, Fort Union, New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received, June 1862-December 1865, Brigadier General James H. Charleton, headquarters, Department of New Mexico, to Captain Plympton, Commander, Fort Union, November 30, 1862.

³⁹NARG 393, Records of the U.S.A. Continental Command 1821-1920, Fort Union, New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received June 1862-December 1865, Brigadier General James Carleton, Headquarters, Department of New Mexico, to Captain Plympton, Commander, Fort Union, December 20, 1862.

⁴⁰Arrott, Reel 2, File 1, 1862, Special Order 209, December 9, 1862, excerpted from NARG 98, Department of New Mexico Orders, volume 40, 207.

⁴¹Arrott, Reel 2, File 1, Brig. Gen. Carleton to Col. Ceran St. Vrain, December 8, 1862, excerpted from NARG 98, Department of New Mexico Letters, volume 13, 226.

⁴²NARG 393, Records of U.S.A. Continental Command 1821-1920, Fort Union New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received June 1862-December 1865, 1st Lieutenant Cyrus DeForrest at headquarters, Department of New Mexico, to Captain William Craig, Depot Quartermaster, Fort Union, New Mexico, February 22, 1863.

⁴³NARG 393, Records of the U.S.A. Continental Command 1821-1920, Fort Union, New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received, June 1862-December 1865, Captain John McFerran to Captain Davis, April 6, 1863.

⁴⁴Arrott, Reel 3, File 2, 1863, Special orders No. 23, excerpted from NARG 98, Dept of New Mexico Orders, volume 40, 246-7.

⁴⁵Ibid., File 5, 1865, Brigadier General James H. Carleton to Col Richard C. Crum, A.A.A.G., San Francisco, September, 1865.

⁴⁶NARG 156, Entry 21, 1865, F 410, Shoemaker from Union Arsenal, New Mexico to General A.B. Dyer, Chief of Ordnance, Washington, Nov. 16, 1865.

⁴⁷Fort Union Fact File, quoting Carleton to Assistant Adjutant General Richard Drum on September 15, 1865 in War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, series 1, vol. 48, part 2, 1230-31.

⁴⁸NARG 393, Records of U.S.A. Cont. Com. 1821-1920, Fort Union, New Mexico, Headquarters Unregistered Letters Received, Box 6, January 1886-March 1868, Post Surgeon DuBois to commander Bvt. Col. Marshall, Fort Union, October 17, 1866.

⁴⁹Ibid., Capt. John Henry Inman to Col. E.G. Marshall, October 17, 1866.

⁵⁰Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 283-300.

⁵¹Arrott, Reel 4, File 1, 1867, Cyrus DeForrest, A.A.A.G. to Commanding Officer, Fort Union, March 28, 1867. The term "old post" is misleading unless viewed in its entire context in the correspondence—where it becomes evident that the "old post" referred to is the second fort. Also by 1867 the arsenal had its officially assigned reservation in the area of the first fort, so it would have been most often terms "the arsenal."

⁵²Arrott, Reel 4, File 1, 1867, A.A.Q.M. Lt. Granville Lewis to Bvt. Lt. Col. William Lane, Fort Union, March 22, 1867.

⁵³Ibid.

⁵⁴Ibid., Reel 4, File 2, 1867, Bvt. Lt. Col W.B. Lane, Post Commander, to Lt. Granville Lewis, A.A.Q.M., Fort Union, April 4, 1867.

⁵⁵Arrott, Reel 4, File 6, 1867, Francis B. Jones, Lt., 3rd Infantry, to Lt. L. Wightman, 3rd Cavalry, Post Adjutant, Fort Union, October 25, 1867. This structure remains unidentified.

⁵⁶"Fort Building in New Mexico," Santa Fe Republican, July 5, 1862, p. 1.

⁵⁷Fort Union Article File, Q 160, Star Fort, Colonel G.R. Paul, Commdg. Post, to Capt. Nicodemus, A.A. General, Santa Fe, January 7, 1862.

⁵⁸Arrott, Reel 10, File: Fort Union Information, Letter Harry LaTourette Cavanaugh to James Arrott, November 12, 1950.

⁵⁹Fort Union Fact File, Star Fort, Interview with Roy Glasier, October 24, 1964.

⁶⁰Ibid., Memorandum of February 13, 1961 from Historian to Superintendent. Additional field work by Archeologist James E. Ivey has pinpointed its location.

¹Francis Trevelyan Miller, ed. The Photographic History of the Civil War: Forts and Artillery, (New York: Castle Books), 126.

²Ibid 124.

³Ibid., 134.

⁴Ibid., 142-144.

⁵Ibid., 144-146.

⁶Ibid., 146-154.

⁷NARG 156, Entry 21, 1851, S 140, Ordnance Department, Letters Received, W.R. Shoemaker to Capt. William Maynadier, Ordnance Department, Washington, March 31, 1851.

⁸NARG 156, Entry 21, 1851, S 252, W.R. Shoemaker to General George Talcott, Ordnance Department, Washington, D.C., 1851.

⁹Ibid. Attached to that July 30, 1851 letter from Shoemaker to General Talcott is a letter dated July 31, 1851 from H.L. Kendrick to "Dear Captain"—probably Shoemaker. The letter refers to the Mora as:

an extreme point of the Territory. The propriety of removing Hd. Qtrs & the depots to such a point is caustically enough criticized by citizens & officers; they may remain there just so long as Col Sumner is in command—but not one hour after he is relieved. it is very clear that the Moro [sic] is no place for a permanent Ord Depot. It is too far from the ancient military & political centre—the geographical, commercial, agricultural, social centre of the territory for any purpose save that of a small post. I understand that Col. Sumner is a Samson in his way. —If so, he is a Samson with his eyes [illeg] out . . . he is only making sport for the bystanders, useless expense to the Treasury. It is said that the removal to the Moro [sic] has been decided upon in Washington—it so it is also understood that it has been brot about by undue & malign influences.

¹⁰NARG 156, Entry 21, 1851, S 280, Shoemaker to General George Talcott, Ordnance Department, Washington, August 31, 1851.

¹¹Ibid., 1851 S 327, Shoemaker to Colonel H.K. Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, D.C., November 3, 1851.

¹²Ibid., 1851 S 33, W.R. Shoemaker to Colonel H.K. Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, December 29, 1851.

¹³Ibid., 1852 S 94, M.S.K. Shoemaker, Fort Union to Colonel H.K. Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, February 23, 1852.

¹⁴The Army Ordnance Manual required lightning rods on magazines.

¹⁵NARG 156, Entry 21, 1852, S 215, M.S.K. Shoemaker, Fort Union Ordnance Depot to Colonel H.K. Craig, June 15, 1852.

¹⁶Ibid., 1853, S 41, M.S.K. Shoemaker, Fort Union to Col H.K. Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington.

¹⁷Ibid., 1853, S 292, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, September 2, 1853.

¹⁸Ibid., 1855, S 106, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, March 1, 1855. Note that Shoemaker mentions the advantages of the neighborhood of Fort Union. This was contrary to his statements a few years earlier where he stressed that the only "proper" [his word and emphasis] location for an arsenal was a site along the Rio Grande del Norte.

¹⁹Ibid., 1855, S 351, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, September 1, 1855.

²⁰Ibid., 1856, S 303, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, September 1, 1856.

²¹Ibid., 1857, S 4, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, December 3, 1856.

²²Ibid., 1857, S 355, Shoemaker to Colonel H.K. Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, October 21, 1857.

²³Note that this sawmill was separate from the sawmill that the remainder of Fort Union possessed.

²⁴NARG 156, Entry 21, 1858, S 198, Shoemaker to Colonel H.K. Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, May 1, 1858. The letter does not say whether the "two rooms" were one log structure or two log structures; the letter refers to log houses in a general manner.

²⁵NARG 156, Entry 21, 1859, S 94, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, January 24, 1859.

²⁶Ibid.

²⁷Ibid., 1859, S 242, Shoemaker to Col. Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, May 13, 1859.

²⁸Ibid., 1859, S 397, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, August 15, 1859.

²⁹Ibid., 1860, S 13, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, January 7, 1860.

³⁰Ibid., 1860, S 84, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, Ordnance Department, Washington, February 21, 1860.

³¹Ibid., 1860, S 118, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, March 29, 1860.

³²Ibid., 1859, S 79, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, January 15, 1859. This may have been the department commander in Santa Fe.

³³Ibid., 1860, S 292, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, Jun 12, 1860.

³⁴Arrott, Reel 2, File 1, 1860, D.H. Maury, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of New Mexico, to Captain R.A. Wainwright, Chief Ordnance Officer, Department of New Mexico, June 16, 1860.

³⁵NARG 156, Entry 21, 1860, S 294, M.S.K. Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, June 22, 1860.

³⁶Ibid., 1860, S 339, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, July 23, 1860.

³⁷Ibid., 1860, S 370, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, July 28, 1860.

³⁸Fort Union Fact File, Arsenal, letter dated August 31, 1860.

³⁹NARG 156, Entry 21, 1860, S 393, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, September 1, 1860.

⁴⁰Ibid., 1860, S 425, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, September 25, 1860.

⁴¹Ibid., 1860, S 428, M.S.K. Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, October 1, 1860.

⁴²Ibid., 1861, S 55, Shoemaker to Colonel Craig, December 24, 1860.

⁴³Ibid., 1862, S 26, M.S.K. Shoemaker to General Ripley, December 16, 1861.

⁴⁴NARG 156, Entry 21, 1862, S 115, Annual Estimate of stores, submitted to Ordnance Department, Washington, December 30, 1861.

⁴⁵Arrott, Reel 2, File 4, 1862, citing NARG 98, District of New Mexico orders, v. 40, 121, Special Orders 103, June 15, 1862.

⁴⁶NARG 156, Entry 21, 1864, F, 436, Shoemaker to General George Ramsay, Chief of Ordnance,Washington, September 10, 1864.

⁴⁷NARG 393, Records of the U.S.A. Continental Command 1821-1920, Fort Union, New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received, June 1862-December 1865, Box 5, MSK Shoemaker to Assistant Adjutant General Captain Cutter, Headquarters, August 19, 1864.

⁴⁸NARG 156, Entry 21, 1865, Box C-F, 6, M.S.K. Shoemaker, Union Arsenal, to General Dyer, Ordnance Department, Washington, December 5, 1864.

⁴⁹NARG 393, Records of U.S.A. Continental Command 1821-1920, Fort Union, New Mexico, Unregistered Letters Received, June 1862-December 1865, M.S.K. Shoemaker to Captain Ben Cutler, June 8th, 1865.

⁵⁰NARG 393, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands 1821-1920, Fort Union, New Mexico, Box 24, Quartermaster Miscellaneous Records 1861-1880, Arsenal Miscellaneous Records 1856-1866, General A.B. Dyer, Chief of Ordnance transmitting Order of General Grant relative to the duties of M.S.K. Wm. R. Shoemaker at Union Arsenal, N.M.

⁵¹Note that the original document really does say "concrete."

⁵²NARG 156, Entry 21, 1866, M.S.K. Shoemaker to General Dyer, February 26, 1866.

⁵³Arrott, Reel 3, File 1, 1866 citing General Orders Number 28, May 8, 1866, Washington, D.C.

⁵⁴NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1167, Bvt. [illegible, but possibly McFerran], Chief Quartermaster, Fort Union to Bvt. Major General M.C. Meigs, Quartermaster General, Washington, July 2, 1866.

⁵⁵NARG 156, Entry 21, 1866, F 224, Shoemaker to General Dyer, July 23, 1866.

⁵⁶Ibid., 1866, F 284, Shoemaker to General Dyer, October 16, 1866. One of Shoemaker's sons was the sutler until ordered to shut down operations.

⁵⁷Ibid., 1866, F 307, Shoemaker to General A.B. Dyer, November 14, 1866.

⁵⁸Ibid., 1867, F 35, Shoemaker, Union Arsenal to General A.B. Dyer, Chief of Ordnance, Washington, January 19, 1867.

⁵⁹Fort Union Fact File, Arsenal, citing NARG 94, 3775 ACP, W.R. Shoemaker, Appointment Commission Branch Document File. The letter describes Shoemaker's loyalty as follows: "In 1861 when Colonel Loring was using every means to turn over New Mexico to the Rebels he was assisted by almost every soldier in the Territory — by the Southern men openly, and by the Northern men by their silence and inaction. At this serious conjuncture Captain Shoemaker stood forward and denounced Loring and his coadjutors as traitors and told them he would never surrender his arsenal, that he would defend it to the last extremity and then blow it up. He threw up entrenchments and made every arrangement to defend himself." This is the only reference to separate entrenchments for the ordnance. Colonel Alexander may have been mistaken when Shoemaker explained that he protected them within the fortification.

⁶⁰Arrott, Reel 4, File 5, 1867 citing NARG 98, District of New Mexico orders, v. 38, 397.

⁶¹NARG 156, Entry 21, 1868, F 34, Capt. Shoemaker to General Dyer, February 17, 1868.

⁶²Ibid., 1868, F 219, Captain Shoemaker to General Dyer, October 10, 1868.

⁶³NARG 156, Entry 21, 1868, F 229, Shoemaker to General Dyer, Ordnance Department, Washington, November 9, 1868.

⁶⁴Arrott, Reel 4, File 2, 1869, citing NARG 98, District of New Mexico orders, v. 150a, 49, General Orders No. 27, Headquarters, District of New Mexico.

⁶⁵Fort Union Article File, Q 10, Arsenal, Assistant Inspector General N.H. Davis to Inspector General Major General R.B. Marcy, Headquarters of the Army, September 10, 1869.

⁶⁶NARG 156, Entry 21, 1870, F 71, Shoemaker to General Dyer, Ordnance, Washington, March 12, 1870.

⁶⁷Ibid., 1870, F 136, Captain Shoemaker to General Dyer, May 9, 1870.

⁶⁸Ibid., 1870, F 194, Report of Principal Operation at Fort Union Arsenal during the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1870.

⁶⁹Ibid., 1870, F 275, Shoemaker to General Dyer, Washington, September 24, 1870.

⁷⁰Ibid., 1870, F 278, Captain Shoemaker to General Dyer, September 26, 1870.

⁷¹Ibid., 1871, [no letter] 1852. Captain Shoemaker to General Dyer, April 8, 1871.

⁷²Fort Union Fact File, Arsenal 1873, General Orders No. 52.

⁷³Arrott, Reel 5, File 3, 1873, "Fort Union, New Mexico, Locality and History of Post — 1873 — Records of the War Department, Office of the Adjutant General, medical History of the Post, Volume 52," P. Moffatt, Assistant Surgeon, U.S. Army Post Surgeon. This 1873 description is so consistent with what existed on the Kelp map (post-1882) that it confirms that the alleged "1876 map" cited in Ruwet and so many other sources was done prior to 1876.

⁷⁴Arrott, Reel 10, File Fort Union Information, Letter to Mr. Arrott from C.H. Conrad, Jr., of San Antonio, Texas, December 3, 1950. The letter recalls trips to the arsenal, particularly in 1877.

⁷⁵Fort Union Article File, Correspondence between Mrs. William Weeks, Denver, Colorado and Superintendent, Fort Union National Monument, 1957, passim. The sundial was moved to the center of the plaza of the quartermaster department at Fort Union. When the fort was abandoned, the sundial went to the backyard of the ranch house of the Phoenix Ranch, Watrous, New Mexico. As of this writing it sits on the parade ground of the Third Fort.

⁷⁶Genevieve LaTourette, "Fort Union Memories," New Mexico Historical Review, 26:4 (October, 1951), 277-286.

⁷⁷Fort Union Article File, Ellen Dixon Wilson, "My Aunt's Reminiscences."

⁷⁸NARG 156, Entry 21, 1882, 1183, Shoemaker to Chief of ordnance, Washington, March 20, 1882.

⁷⁹Fort Union Fact File, Arsenal, citing Special Orders No. 153, Headquarters of the Army, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, July 3, 1882.

⁸⁰Arrott, Reel 6, File 1, 1882, General Orders No. 71, July 3, 1882.

⁸¹Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 395-396.

⁸²Shoemaker Letters, Captain Shoemaker to Chief of Ordnance, Washington, D.C., August 21, 1882, 59.

⁸³NARG 156, Entry 21, 1882, 3793, Lt. Russell, Fort Union, to Col. J.H. Whittemore, Ordnance Officer, Washington, August 10, 1882.

⁸⁴Ibid.

⁸⁵Arrott, Reel 6, File 1, 1883, Secretary of War to the Secretary of the Interior, June 27, 1883; and NARG 92, Entry 225, Box 1167, Robert Lincoln, Secretary of War, to the Honorable Secretary of the Interior, November 24, 1883.

⁸⁶Emmett, Fort Union and the Winning of the Southwest, 401, quoting obituary from the Las Vegas Optic.

⁸⁷"Death of an Old Army Officer," Las Vegas Optic, Friday Evening, September 17, 1886, 4.

⁸⁸Arthur Woodward, "Fort Union, New Mexico—Guardian of the Santa Fe Trail," (Santa Fe: National Park Service, 1958) 133.

⁸⁹NARG 159, Entry 15, Inspection Report by Lt. Col. W.F. Drum, March 16-18, 1887.

⁹⁰NARG 92, Entry 225, Records of the Quartermaster General, Consolidated Correspondence File 1794-1915, Box 1166, "Estimate of Materials required for Fort Union during the fiscal year 1889 for Repairs to Barracks and Quarters."

⁹¹Arrott, Reel 6, File 1, 1889, 1st Lieutenant Fred Wooley, A.A.Q.M. to Quartermaster General, Washington, December 12, 1889.

⁹²NARG 159, Entry 15, Inspection Report by Lt. Col. A.P. Morrow, July 2, 1889.

⁹³Arrott, Reel 10, File Fort Union Information, citing NARG 153, Judge Advocate General Reservation files, report to Quartermaster General by Captain William S. Patten, Assistant Quartermaster, June 3, 1892.