Fort Vancouver Cultural Landscape Report

ENDNOTES

⁴Gordon Davidson, The North West Company (Berkeley: University of California Publications in History VII, 1918), passim.

⁵Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, pp. 339-344.

⁶John Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, pp.19-20.

⁷R. Harvey Fleming, ed., Minutes of the Council of Northern Department of Rupert Land 1821-31, Hudson's Bay Company Series, Vol. III, (Toronto: Publications of the Champlain Society, 1940), pp.334-336 (Hereafter referred to as HBRS III).

⁸Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, pp. 257-260.

⁹HBRS III, pp 450-1; HBRS IV, introduction.

¹⁰Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, pp. 43-44, 50-51, 54, 66.

¹¹HBRS III, p. 145.

¹²Documents found to date do not positively establish that Simpson received direct orders from London; Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 36.

¹³Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 65; Simpson to Addington, 21 December 1825, "Documents," Oregon Historical Quarterly XX (December 1919), p. 334.

¹⁴Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, pp. 105-6.

¹⁵"Copy of a Document Found Among the Private Papers of the Late Dr. John McLoughlin," in Transactions of the Eighth Annual Re-Union of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1880 (Salem: R.M. Waite, 1881), p.46 (Hereafter referred to as TOPA 1880).

¹⁶Referred to as Belle Vue Point in Simpson's early correspondence regarding the site, apparently in the belief it was the same point of land named by Lieutenant Broughton of the British navy, when he surveyed the river in 1792; it is now believed Broughton's Belle Vue Point was further downstream.

¹⁷HBRS IV, p. 5.

¹⁸Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 111.

¹⁹J.H. Pelly to George Cumming, 9 December 1825. Hudson's Bay Company, Miscellaneous, OHS mss. 1502, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.

²⁰Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 43.

²¹John Scouler, "Dr. John Scouler's Journal of a Voyage to N.W. America," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society VI (June 1905), p. 174.

²²Frederick Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 124.

²³HBRS IV, p. 32.

²⁴Ibid., pp. 66-67.

²⁵Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, pp. 229-301.

²⁶Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, pp. 61-62.

²⁷Ibid., p. 65.

²⁸S.A. Clarke, Pioneer Days of Oregon History, Vol. I (Portland, Oregon: 1905), p. 185; Clinton Snowden, A History of Washington: The Rise and Progress of an American State, Vol. I (New York: 1904), p. 477.

²⁹HBRS IV, p. 54.

³⁰Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 106.

³¹George Thornton Emmons, The Emmons Journal (Eugene: Koke Tiffany Co.), p. 6.

³²J.W. McLoughlin Harvey, "History of Fort Vancouver," ins. G Or3 H26, Provincial Archives of British Columbia, Victoria (Hereafter PABC).

³³Charles Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Vol. IV (Philadelphia: C. Sherman printer, 1844), p. 358. In fact, the lower prairie--Fort Plain--did occasionally flood.

³⁴John Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 69.

³⁵Frederick Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 124.

³⁶Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 358.

³⁷John Scouler, "Journal," p. 174.

³⁸Emmons, Journal, p. 6.

³⁹R.G. Large, ed., The Journals of William Fraser Tolmie: Physician and Fur Trader (Vancouver, B.C.: Mitchell Press Ltd., 1963), p. 174.

⁴⁰Ibid., pp. 173-175.

⁴¹Journal of John Work, 21 March-14 May 1825, Ms. 319, Oregon Historical Society.

⁴²Harvey, "History of Fort Vancouver," pp. 1-4.

⁴³Lieutenant Mervyn Vavasour of the Royal Engineers and Lieutenant Henry J. Warre of the Fourteenth Regiment were sent on a military reconnaissance expedition in 1845-46 by the Sir R.D. Jackson, commander of the British forces in Canada, in consultation with George Simpson of the Hudson's Bay Company. They traveled as tourists, assessing British positions from Sault Sainte Marie to the Pacific Ocean; they stayed at Fort Vancouver from August, 1845, through March, 1846, later preparing a report for the British Foreign Office. Warre prepared several illustrations of Fort Vancouver from this period, and Vavasour, maps of the stockade and the site.

⁴⁴There are two maps dating from 1844, both of which show the line of a destructive fire in 1844. One is a map of most of the entire Fort Vancouver Farm, from Lower Plain to Mill Plain; this was delineated by Henry Peers, a Hudson's Bay Company clerk, and is hereafter referred to as the Peers map (Map 6, this report). The second, shows the vicinity of the stockade in more detail, and is hereafter referred to as the 1844 stockade area map (Map 4). There are also two maps which were prepared by engineer Richard Covington, a British emigrant who appears to have been hired to draft the maps for the Company. One is a map which shows most of the entire Fort Vancouver farm, like the Peers map, and is referred to hereafter as the 1846 Covington farm map. The second, like the 1844 stockade map, shows the stockade vicinity is some detail, including the area of Kanaka Village, and is hereafter referred to as the 1846 Covington stockade area map (Map 7). Covington also prepared a sketch of the stockade area in 1855 (Figure 6), and a map dated 1859, which shows land claims on the Fort Vancouver site (Map 10).

⁴⁵John Scouler, "Journal," p. 174.

⁴⁶John Hussey, The History of Fort Vancouver, p. 44.

⁴⁷Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, 92-93.

⁴⁸HBRS IV, p. 5.

⁴⁹Harvey, "History of Fort Vancouver," pp. 1-4. Harvey referred to the site as "Ske-Chew-twa," claiming it was the name given the plain by the Indians.

⁵⁰Frederick Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p 124.

⁵¹David Douglas, "Sketch of a Journey to the Northwestern Parts of the Continent of North America During the Years 1824-25-26-27," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, V (September 1904), p. 248.

⁵²Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 49.

⁵³HBRS IV, p. 54.

⁵⁴Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 70.

⁵⁵E.E. Rich, ed., Part of Dispatch from George Simpson, Esqr., Governor of Ruperts Land to the Governor & Committee of the Hudson's Bay Company, Landon, March 1, 1929, Continued and Completed March 24 and June 5, 1829, Hudson's Bay Company Series, Vol. X (Toronto: Publications of the Champlain Society, 1947), pp. 68-69 (Hereafter referred to as HBRS X); U.S. Congress, Senate, "J.S. Smith, D.E. Jackson, W.L. Sublette to J.H. Eaton, St. Louis, 29 October 1830." Ex. Doc. No. 39, 21st Congress, 2d sess., pp. 21-23.

⁵⁶Lester Ross, Fort Vancouver 1829-1860: A Historical Archaeological Investigation of the Goods Imported and Manufactured by the Hudson's Bay Company (National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, June 1976).

⁵⁷"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 46.

⁵⁸Indent Books, A.26/18, folio 122, Hudson's Bay Company Archives, Winnipeg (Hereafter referred to as HBCA).

⁵⁹Ibid., folio 133.

⁶⁰Ibid., folio 16.

⁶¹H. Bingham to J. Everts, 16 February 1829, in George Verne Blue, "Green's Missionary Report on Oregon, 1829" Oregon Historical Quarterly XXX (September 1929), pp. 164-5. The former Royal Navy Lieutenant Aemilius Simpson became Captain Simpson after his appointment to the Company's maritime trade.

⁶²Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 53.

⁶³Lawrence Dodd, ed., Narcissa Whitman, My Journal, 3rd. ed. (Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 1990), P. 50.

⁶⁴Jesse Applegate to Mrs. Frances F. Victor, 19 October 1868, Letters of Jesse Applegate, Elwood Evans Scrapbook (transcript), Oregon Historical Society, Portland.

⁶⁵Herbert Howe Bancroft, History of the Northwest Coast, Vol II, (San Francisco: 1884), p.441.

⁶⁶Harvey, "History of Fort Vancouver," p.4.

⁶⁷William Smith to Joseph Sabine, 26 April 26, 1826, London Correspondence Outward, A.5/8, p. 129, HBCA. The Douglas letter is referred to in this document.

⁶⁸Smith to Sabine, 20 September 1826, London Correspondence Outward, A.5/8, p. 129, HBCA.

⁶⁹Erwin F. Lange, "Dr John McLoughlin and the Botany of the Pacific Northwest," Madrono, Vol. 14, 1958, p. 270.

⁷⁰Smith to Sabine, 20 February 1828, London Correspondence Outward, A.5/8, p. 258, HBCA.

^7IEloisa Rae Harvey, "Life of John McLoughlin," Ms. 15, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

⁷²"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 46.

⁷³McLoughlin to Simpson, 21 April 1825, B.223/e/3, folios 1-id, HBCA.

⁷⁴Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 270.

⁷⁵McLoughlin to Simpson, 21 April 1825, B.223/e/3, folio 1, HBCA. In the 1830s and '40s it was common practice to temporarily fence sheep and cattle on portions of the land of Fort Plain to fertilize the soil, prior to planting.

⁷⁶"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p.46.

⁷⁷Harvey, "History of Fort Vancouver," p.4.

⁷⁸H. Bingham to J. Everts, 16 February 1829, "Missionary Report," pp. 164-5.

⁷⁹HBRS IV, pp. 50-51, 54, 60-61.

⁸⁰John A. Hussey, "The Fort Vancouver Farm,"Prepared for National Park Service, n.d. (Typewritten), p. 23.

⁸¹HBRS IV, p. 61.

⁸²U.S. Congress, Senate, "J.S. Smith, D.E. Jackson, W.L. Sublette to J.H. Eaton, St. Louis, 29 October 1830." Ex. Doc. No. 39, 21st Congress, 2d sess., pp. 21-23.

⁸³[George T. Allan] "Reminiscences of Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River, Oregon, as it Stood in 1832...," Transactions of the Ninth Annual Re-Union of the Oregon Pioneer Association, for 1881 (Salem: E.M. Waite, 1882), p. 75.

⁸⁴Alice B. Maloney, "The Hudson's Bay Company in California," Oregon Historical Quarterly XXXVII, (March 1936), pp. 9-23; HBRS X, p. 69; John Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 53; HBRS IV, p. 207.

⁸⁵Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 270.

⁸⁶In another report also dated in March of 1826 McLoughlin reported additional cattle: 3 bulls, 11 steers, 11 yearly heifers, Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 270. Historian John Hussey suggests that some cattle may have been imported from England via the William and Ann, although it is unlikely steers would have been imported, Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 15.

⁸⁷Edward Ermatinger, "Old Memo Book and Journal," 18 February 1827, as cited by Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 27.

⁸⁸HBRS X, p. 69; Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 301; Alfred Lomax, "History of Pioneer Sheep Husbandry in Oregon," Oregon Historical Quarterly XXIX (June 1928), p. 103n.

⁸⁹B 223/b/i, folios 3-7, HBCA.

⁹⁰Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 270.

⁹¹John Scouler, "Journal," p. 166.

⁹²Journal of John Work, 21 March-14 May 1825, Ms. 319, Oregon Historical Society.

⁹³Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 291-92.

⁹⁴Ibid.

⁹⁵Ibid.

⁹⁷"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 48.

⁹⁸While McLoughlin later recalled it was in 1829 that Lucier applied to him a second time for assistance in establishing a farm in the Valley, there is some indication the year may have been 1830. For a more complete discussion of this and of early settlement in the Willamette Valley, see John Hussey, Champoeg: Place of Transition (Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society, Oregon State Highway Commission, 1967), pp.43-61.

⁹⁹Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 65.

¹⁰⁰Ibid., pp. 65, 70-71, 105.

¹⁰¹Ibid., pp. 87, 105-6; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Report on the Preliminary Inspection of the Proposed Old Fort Vancouver Reservation Project by Olaf Hagan (1936), pp. 48-49.

¹⁰²John Scouler, "Journal," p. 277.