Presenting Nature

Cover

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Overview

Stewardship

Design Ethic Origins
(1916-1927)

Design Policy & Process
(1916-1927)

Western Field Office
(1927-1932)

Park Planning

Decade of Expansion
(1933-1942)

State Parks
(1933-1942)

Appendix A

Appendix B

Bibliography

Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916-1942

II. ORIGINS OF A DESIGN ETHIC FOR NATURAL PARKS (continued)

ENDNOTES

1. Andrew Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place," Rural Essays (New York: Hagemann Publishing Company, 1894), pp. 192-202. This essay was originally published in The Horticulturalist 2(4):153-160 (October 1847).

2. Ibid., pp. 197-198

3. Ibid., pp. 198-199.

4. Ibid., pp. 197-198.

5. Andrew Jackson Downing, Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, 9th ed. (New York: Orange Judd, 1875; reprint ed., Little Compton, Rhode Island: Theophrastus Publishers, 1977), pp. 392 and 396.

6. Ibid., pp. 411-412; pp. 392-394.

7. Ibid., figs. 78, 79, and 82; pp. 394-398.

8. Ibid., p. 399.

9. Ibid., fig. 83; p. 399.

10. Henry G. Tyrrell, Artistic Bridge Design: A Systematic Treatise on The Design of Modern Bridges According to Aesthetic Principles (Chicago: Myron Clarke, 1912), fig. 161.

11. Downing, Theory and Practice, p. 401.

12. Ibid., p. 402.

13. Ibid., pp. 402-404.

14. Ibid., pp. 409-410; quote is from p. 410.

15. Ibid., pp. 288-290.

16. Ibid., p. 293.

17. Ibid., p. 294.

18. Ibid., pp. 70-71.

19. Ibid., P. 77.

20. Ibid., pp. 106-108.

21. Andrew Jackson Downing, "Ornamental Trees and Shrubs in America," Rural Essays, p. 375.

22. Ibid., pp. 328-329. Note that Latin names are given throughout the text only in cases where they have been documented by historical records or where the identity of genus and species has been determined from writings, actual plantings, or other evidence.

23. Ibid., pp. 381-382.

24. Ibid., pp. 350-351.

25. Andrew Jackson Downing, "Neglected American Plants," Rural Essays, pp. 339-342.

26. Ibid., p. 342.

27. Andrew Jackson Downing, "Vines and Climbing Plants," Rural Essays, pp. 278-279.

28. Ibid., p. 286.

29. Act of March 1, 1872, 17 Stat. 3215.

30. Hubbard, Introduction, p. 90.

31. National Park Service, Frederick Law Olmsted: Six Principles of Landscape Design (Brookline, Massachusetts: Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, National Park Service, n.d., printed pamphlet).

32. Norman Newton, Design on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 233-241; quote is from Prince H.L.H. von Puckler Muskau, Hints on Landscape Gardening, trans. Bernhardt Sickert, ed. Samuel Parsons (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1917), p. 65, and is given in Newton, p. 239.

33. Ibid., pp. 241-245.

34. Frederick Law Olmsted, Forty Years of Landscape Architecture: Central Park, ed. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., and Theodora Kimball (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1928; Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1973), p. 256.

35. Ibid., p. 474, from Eighth Annual Report, Central Park Commission, p. 26.

36. Ibid., p. 258; Samuel Parsons, Jr., The Art of Landscape Architecture: Its Development and Its Application to Modern Landscape Gardening (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1915), figs. opp. pp. 180 and 294.

37. Olmsted, Forty Years, p. 475.

38. Charles W. Eliot II, "The Influence of the Automobile on the Design of Park Roads," Landscape Architecture 13:28; Olmsted's quote appears on the same page.

39. Historic Photographs, Franklin Park Files, Olmsted National Historic Site, Brookline, Mass.

40. Cynthia Zaitzevsky, Frederick Law Olmsted and the Boston Park System (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), pp. 160-169.

41. Ibid., p. 176.

42. Ibid., pp. 176-180.

43. William Robinson, The Wild Garden or the Naturalization and Natural Grouping of Hardy Exotic Plants with a Chapter on the Garden of British Wild Flowers (London: John Murray, 1870; reprinted., London: Century Hutchinson Ltd. and National Trust, 1986).

44. Olmsted, Forty Years, pp. 353-354.

45. Roger B. Martin, "Metropolitan Open Spaces," in American Landscape Architecture: Designers and Places, ed. William Tishler (Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1989), p. 166.

46. E. Lynn Miller, "Charles Eliot," in Tishler, American Landscape Architecture, pp. 53-54; Newton, Design on the Land, pp. 318-336.

47. Charles Eliot, Charles Eliot, Landscape Architect (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1902), p. 709.

48. Ibid., p. 655.

49. Ibid., p. 658.

50. Ibid., pp. 654, 663-664; quote is from p. 652, October 25, 1894, Eliot to Commissioners of Boston Metropolitan Park System.

51. Ibid., p. 710, January 8, 1896, Eliot to Commissioners of Boston Metropolitan Park System.

52. Ibid., p. 665.

53. Ibid., p. 711.

54. Ibid., p. 732.

55. Laura Wood Roper in an introductory note to "The Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Trees," Landscape Architecture 43:12-13.

56. Ibid., p. 24.

57. John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), p. 18.

58. Statistics taken from Beatrice Ward Nelson, State Recreation:Parks, Forests, and Game Preserves (Washington, D.C: National Conference on State Parks, 1928); Newton, pp. 560-569.

59. Proceedings of the Fourth National Parks Conference,Washington, D.C., January 2-6, 1917 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), pp. 160 and 153-161.

60. Nelson, pp. 4-5.

61. Nelson, p. 86; Newton, pp. 555-564.

62. "Annual Report of the Department of the Interior," 1921 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1921), p. 56; "American Landscape Architecture, P. H. Elwood, Jr. (New York: Architectural Book Publishing Company, 1924), pp. 168-170.

63. "Editorial—Outdoor Recreation," Landscape Architecture 14(1925):287-288.

64. Nelson, p. 6; Raymond H. Torrey, State Parks and Recreational Uses of State Forests (Washington, D.C.: National Conference on State Parks, 1926); Herbert Evison, ed., A State Park Anthology (Washington, D.C.: National Conference on State Parks, 1930).

65. Newton, pp. 555-564; Landscape Architecture, Vol. VII, pp. 65-72." Landscape Architecture, Vol. XXII, October 1931. Herbert Evison, ed., A State Park Anthology, 1930.

66. Laurie D. Cox, "Some Basic Principles of State Park Selection and Design," Landscape Architecture 22:11-13.

67. Frank Waugh, The Natural Style in Landscape Gardening (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1917), pp. 49-50.

68. Wilhelm Miller, What England Can Teach Us About Gardening, 1911, pp. x, viii, 62.

69. Ibid., pp. 48-49.

70. Wilhelm Miller, Prairie Spirit in Landscape Gardening, Circular #184 (Urbana, Illinois: Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, 1915), pp. 2, 5.

71. Ibid., p. 2.

72. Jens Jensen, quoted in Miller, Prairie Spirit, pp. 1-2.

73. Miller, Prairie Spirit, p. 11.

74. Ibid., p. 13.

75. Ibid., pp. 14-15.

76. Bulletin on stratified rockwork was Circular 170 (Urbana, Illinois: Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station).

77. Robert E. Grese, Jens Jensen: Maker of Natural Parks and Gardens (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1992), pp. 106-110.

78. Ibid., pp. 76, 85.

79. Ibid., pp. 47, 52, 82-83, 86, 106-110, and 122.

80. Grese, pp. 45-47; Catherine Howett, "Frank Lloyd Wright and American Residential Landscaping." Landscape Journal 26(1):33-40; Myron Hunt is probably best know for his design of the Rose Bowl (1932) in Pasadena.

81. Eugene O. Murmann, California Gardening (Los Angeles: Eugene Murmann, 1914), p. 7.

82. Ibid., pp. 8-9.

83. Ibid., plan 3, p. 63.

84. Ibid., pp. 38-41, 56-57

85. "The Natural Garden: Some Things That Can Be Done When Nature is Followed Instead of Thwarted," Craftsman Homes, ed. Gustav Stickley (New York: Craftsman Publishing House, 1909; reprint ed. New York: Dover, 1979), pp. 112-118.

86. Ibid., p. 118; photograph of thatched shelter first appeared in 1907.

87. "What May Be Done With Water and Rocks in a Little Garden."Craftsman Homes, pp. 119-124.

88. Ibid., p. 118.

89. Tyrrell, figure 160.

90. Hubbard, Introduction, pp. ix-x. Hubbard classified the following styles: the Moorish style of Spain, the Mogul style in India, the styles of the Italian Renaissance and Baroque villas, the style of Le Notre (as apparent at Versailles and Vaux le Compte), the romantic landscape style, the English formal style of the Tudors (Dutch influence), the English Cottage style, the New England colonial style, the modern German formal style, the Japanese styles, and finally, the modern American landscape style; the Newport garden is illustrated in plate 27.

91. Ibid., pp. 206-207.

92. Ibid., p. 58.

93. Ibid., pp. 70-71.

94. Ibid., plates 31-35.

95. Ibid., p. 121.

96. Ibid., pp. 126-127.

97. Ibid., p. 143.

98. Ibid., p. 145.

99. Ibid., pp. 144-147; plates 27 and 35.

100. Ibid., P. 195.

101. Ibid., pp. 203-204 and plate 34.

102. Ibid., p. 198.

103. Ibid., drawing XXVI.

104. Ibid., p. 316.

105. Ibid., plate 35.

106. Ibid., p. 190.

107. Ibid., pp. 189, 316.

108. Ibid., p. 191.

109. Ibid., plate 8, p. 67.

110. Grese, p. 58; correspondence, Dorothy Waugh to Linda McClelland, 8 May 1989.

111. Waugh, Natural Style, pp. 20, 24-25.

112. Ibid., p. 20.

113. Ibid., pp. 24, 144-145.

114. Ibid., pp. 48-50 and 52.

115. Ibid., pp. 50-51.

116. Ibid., p. 48.

117. Ibid., pp. 98, 101, and 103.

118. Ibid., pp. 93, 96-98.

119. Ibid., pp. 120-121.

120. Ibid., pp. 122-123.

121. Ibid., pp. 82-84.

122. Ibid., pp. 136-138.

123. Samuel Parsons, Jr., Art of Landscape Architecture (New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1915), p. 178.

124. Ibid., pp. 172 and 176.

125. O.C. Simonds, Landscape-Gardening (New York: Macmillan Company, 1931), p. 165.

126. Ibid., p. 198.

127. Ibid., pp. 11 and 106.

128. Ibid., pp. 115-117.

129. Ibid., pp. 185, 189-190.

130. Information on the Shingle style features comes from: Vincent J. Scully, Jr. The Shingle Style and The Stick Style (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977), pp. 71-112.

131. Ibid., p. 89.

132. Ibid., p. 91.

133. James Steely, "Rustic Style in Depression Texas: Federal Architecture in the State Parks, 1933-41," (M.S. thesis, University of Texas, Austin, 1985), pp. 35-44; Zaitzevsky, p. 166; Historic Photographs, Franklin Park File, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site.

134. Harvey H. Kaiser, Great Camps of the Adirondacks (Boston: David R. Godine, 1986), pp. 12-13, and 66.

135. Ibid., pp. 64 and 67.

136. Ibid., p. 65.

137. Ibid., p. 77.

138. Ibid.

139. Ibid., pp. 81 and 155.

140. Ibid., pp. 189-191; elevations are reproduced inside the back cover.

141. Augustus D. Shepard, Camps in the Woods (New York: Architectural Book Publishing Company, 1931), p. 1.

142. Ibid., p. 3.

143. Ibid., p. 7.

144. Ibid., p. 7.

145. Ibid., p. 24.

146. Ibid., p. 25.

147. H. V. von Hoist, Modern American Homes (Chicago: American Technical Society, 1913); reprinted as Country and Suburban Homes of the Prairie School Period, (New York: Dover Publications, 1982), p. i.

148. Information on Japanese influences comes from Clay Lancaster, The American Bungalow, 1880-1930 (New York: Abbeville Press, 1985), p. 122; Randell Makinson, Greene and Greene: Architecture as a Fine Art (Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1977), p. 32.

149. Lancaster, p. 116; Makinson, p. 31.

150. Ibid., p. 70-73.

151. Ibid., pp. 90-91; article was reprinted in Gustav Stickley, ed., Craftsman Bungalows: 59 Homes from the "Craftsman" (New York: Dover Publications, 1988), pp. 40-43.

152. Ibid., p. 40.

153. Ibid., pp. 40-41 and 43.

154. The Greene and Greene buildings are published in Makinson, pp. 113-115.

155. Monk's Hill shelter is illustrated in Makinson, p. 187.

156. The Rudd and Pratt buildings are illustrated in Lancaster, p. 132.

157. Makinson, p. 222.

158. Ibid., pp. 222-226; quote is from Elmer Grey, "Some Country House Architecture in the Far West," The Architectural Record 52(289), cited in Makinson, p. 226.

159. Makinson, pp. 247-249.

160. For further explanation of the English influence on the work of Maybeck and other Bay Area architects, see Richard Longstreth, On the Edge of the World: Four Architects in San Francisco at the Turn of the Century (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983).

161. Kenneth H. Cardwell, Bernard Maybeck: Artisan, Architect, Artist (Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1977), pp. 153-155.

162. Laura Soulliere Harrison, Architecture in the Parks (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1986), pp. 77-80, 174-178, and 200-205.

163. Ibid., p. 177; Cardwell, pp. 185-186.

164. Harrison, p. 10, (pp. 10, 62-69.)

165. Ibid., pp. 11, 136-144, 160-165.

166. Ibid., pp. 10-11.

167. Virginia Grattan, Mary Colter: Builder Upon the Red Earth (Flagstaff, Arizona: Northland Press, 1980), pp. 2, 26, 73.

168. Stickley, Craftsman Homes, pp. 102-112.

169. Ibid., p. 102.

170. Ibid., pp. 104-106.

171. Ibid., pp. 104, 106.

172. Comstock, William Phillips, and Clarence Eaton Schermerhorn, Bungalows, Camps and Mountain Houses (New York: W.T. Comstock Co. 1915; reprint, Washington, D.C.: AIA, 1990), pp. 26-27.

173. Ibid., pp. 108-109.

174. Ibid., pp. 28, 30-31; Robert Winter, The California Bungalow (Los Angeles: Hennessey & Ingalls, 1980), p. 41.

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