Presenting Nature

Cover

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Overview

Stewardship

Design Ethic Origins
(1916-1927)

Design Policy & Process
(1916-1927)

Western Field Office
(1927-1932)

Park Planning

Decade of Expansion
(1933-1942)

State Parks
(1933-1942)

Appendix A

Appendix B

Bibliography

Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916-1942

VI. A DECADE OF EXPANSION, 1933 TO 1942 (continued)

ENDNOTES

1. National Archives, Records of the Public Works Administration, Preliminary Inventory No. 125 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service), p. 3. Ickes held this position in tandem with his position at the Department of the Interior until 1939, when the agency was replaced by the Federal Works Agency and restructured under the Reorganization Act of 1939.

2. 1933 AR, p. 181.

3. Russell Olson, Administrative History: Organizational Structures of the National Park Service, 1917 to 1985, chart 10; National Park Service, "Report on the Building Program from Allotments of the Public Works Administration, 1933-1937, Western Division" (San Francisco: Western Division, National Park Service, 1938), p. 8. The report was compiled by Edward Nickel, architect, Branch of Plans and Designs.

4. National Park Service, "Building Program from Allotments of the Public Works Administration," p. 10.

5. Ibid., pp. 2-7.

6. Ibid., pp. 12-13.

7. Ibid., pp. 13-14.

8. Ibid., pp. 14-15.

9. John C. Paige, Administrative History of the CCC (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1985), pp. 15-17 and 39; 1933 AR, p. 157.

10. Official correspondence, Owen Tomlinson to all Camp Superintendents, June 10, 1933, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

11. Paige, pp. 9-11.

12. Ibid., p. 18; quote is from 1933 AR, p. 157.

13. Paige, pp. 19 and 21-23; Paige says that the 1936 personnel reduction was partly an economy measure, but also partly an effort by President Roosevelt to create a smaller agency that might be made permanent.

14. Official correspondence, Tomlinson to all Camp Superintendents, Mount Rainier National Park, June 10, 1933, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

15. Ibid.

16. Narrative Report, period ending September 30, 1934, Camp NP-2, Grand Teton National Park, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

17. C. G. Thomson, "Summary of Work to Be Accomplished by Civilian Conservation Corps, Yosemite National Park," n.d. Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

18. "Emergency Conservation Work Programmed for Mount Rainier Park," July 3, 1933, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; "Roosevelt's Tree Soldiers," Tacoma Daily Ledger, November 29, 1933; "Emergency Conservation Work, Mount Rainier National Park, Pictorial Record for Final Report, 1933," Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

19. "Pictorial Report for 1933, Mount Rainier National Park."

20. Halsey M. Davidson, "Report on ECW. Work at Mount Rainier National Park, Third Period Work, 1934", Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

21. ECW Narrative Report, White River Camp, NP-5. Mount Rainier National Park, 1935, Fifth Enrollment Period, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; plan of amphitheater, R-3056, by Halsey Davidson, October 10, 1933, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. "Statement of Operating Conditions for Associate Director A. E. Demaray," 18 July 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

26. Russell L. McKown, ECW Report, Yosemite National Park, 1934, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

27. Ibid.

28. ECW Narrative Report, Camp NP-1, Mount Rainier National Park, May and June 1934, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

29. Final Report, Comfort Station, PW Project FP-68, Ranger Station, PWA Project FP-71, February 1934.

30. ECW Quarterly Report, Wawona Camp, NP-1, Yosemite National Park, July 1934, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Because this report gave only vague common names, the attributions of genus and species have been drawn from Jepson, Flowering Plants of California, and "Landscape Plants for Yosemite Park," Files of the Planning Office, Yosemite National Park, Mimeo.

31. ECW Quarterly Report, Wawona Camp, NP-1, Yosemite National Park, October 1934, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

32. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, April 1934, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

33. ECW Quarterly Report, Wawona Camp, NP-1, Yosemite National Park, October 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; R. L. McKown, "Final Narrative Report, Yosemite National Park, Seventh Period ECW, April 1, 1936, through September 30, 1936", Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

34. Lester Rountree, Flowering Shrubs of California and Their Value to the Gardener (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1939), p. 152.

35. Harold Fowler, "Report to Chief Architect, Sequoia National Park, October 1, 1934 to April 1, 1935," Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

36. Ibid.

37. ECW Quarterly Report, Camp NP-2. Yosemite National Park, October 1934, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

38. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, April 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

39. R. L. McKown, "Final Narrative Report, Yosemite National Park, Seventh Period ECW work, April 1, 1936, through September 30, 1936", Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

40. Frederic E. Clements, Dynamics of Vegetation, Edith Clements ed. (New York: H.W. Wilson, 1949), pp. 272-273; originally published as "Ecology in the Public Service," Ecology 16(3).

41. Harold G. Fowler, "Report to Chief Architect, Sequoia National Park, October 1, 1934, to April 1, 1935," Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

42. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, July 1934, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

43. Sanford Hill, "Final Narrative Report to the Chief Architect, Seventh Period ECW, Yellowstone National Park, Summer 1936," Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

44. Lloyd Fletcher, "Report to the Chief Architect, ECW and PWA Projects, Fourth Enrollment Period, October 1, 1934, to April 1, 1935," Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

45. Harold Fowler, "Report to Chief Architect, Sequoia National Park, October 1, 1934, to April 1, 1935," Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

46. Semi-annual Report, Camp NP-1, Sequoia National Park, September 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

47. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, July 1934, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C. The report provided only common names for plants; latin names are drawn from Jepson, Flowering Plants of California.

48. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, January 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

49. ECW Semi-annual Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, October 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

50. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, April 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

51. ECW Semi-annual Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, October 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

52. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, October 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

53. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, January 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

54. ECW Semi-annual Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, October 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

55. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, October 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

56. ECW Quarterly Report, Cascades Camp, NP-6, Yosemite National Park, October 1934. Report provided common names of plants; latin names have been taken from Jepson, Flowering Plants of California; further information on the ferns and grasses planted is not available.

57. R. L. McKown, "Final Narrative Report, Seventh Period ECW, Yosemite National Park, April 1, 1936, through September 30, 1936," Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. ECW Quarterly Report, Walcott Camp, NP-3, Grand Canyon National Park, Second Enrollment Period; ECW Quarterly Report, Walcott Camp, NP-3, Grand Canyon National Park, Fourth Enrollment Period; ECW Semi-annual Narrative Report, Walcott Camp, NP-3, Grand Canyon National Park, Second Enrollment Period; ECW Semi-annual Narrative Report, Walcott Camp, NP-3, Grand Canyon National Park, Fourth Enrollment Period, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

61. Ibid.

62. Hubbard, "Landscape Development," p. 126.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid., p. 121.

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