SANTA FE Special History Study

¹"I continued my way watching those who were espying to see if the Americans were leaving any tercios, stopping for this reason several times along the road," testimony of Francisco Pérez Serrano, MANM, roll 8 # 514.

²For the occupational census of 1822 see, MANM, roll 3 # 214-285; for the 1841 census see roll 30 # 339-401; for the 1844 census for La Cañada, see roll 37 # 703-705. For the 1860 and 1870 census data, see Population Schedules, Eighth Census of the United States; Original Return of the Assistant Marshalls, Microfilm Edition, 14/6, roll 712-716; Population Schedules, Ninth Census of the United States; Original Return of the Assistant Marshalls, Microfilm Edition, 12/7, roll 893-897.

³Records kept by Felipe Delgado, who operated the Chávez store at San Miguel del Vado indicate the wages paid, Delgado Family Papers (Dingee Collection), 1837-1853; Marc Simmons, ed., "José Librado Gurulé's Recollections, 1867," in On the Santa Fe Trail (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986), 120-133.

⁴Moorhead, New Mexico's Royal Road, 184.

⁵Charles Raber, "Personal Recollections of Life on the Plains from 1860 to 1868," Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society 16 (1925): 325; T. J. Sperry, "A Long and Useful Life for the Santa Fe Trail," Wagon Tracks 4 (May 1990): 14-17; Darlis Miller, "Freighting for Uncle Sam," Wagon Tracks 5 (November 1990): 11-15.

⁶Darlis A. Miller, Soldiers and Settlers, 308-320, 357, 359-362, 365, 369, 372-373, 377; Mamie Bernard Aguirre, "Spanish Trader's Bride," Westport Historical Quarterly 4 (Dec. 1968), 5-23.

⁷Richard L. Nostrand demonstrates that between 1790 and 1880 the New Mexican population greatly expanded. This expansion, however, though in part a result of increasing demand for local products, was mostly the result of the search for additional grazing lands, and it did not enhance the circumstances of most of the people who continued indebted to the wealthy, "The Century of Hispano Expansion." New Mexico Historical Review 62 (1987): 361-386.

⁸During the 1850s Rafael Armijo kept a notebook where he recorded the cash loans he made. Most borrowed small sums of money, but were forced to mortgage their future crops to secure these loans. In many instances they mortgaged crops two or three years in advance, Rafael Armijo papers, New Mexico State Records Center, Santa Fe, New Mexico, see Chapter VII. The 1860 and 1870 Censuses indicate that few native New Mexicans declared any real or personal estate property.

⁹Clarence L. Ver Steeg, The Formative Years, 1607-1763 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1964) 173-202; Susan Calafate Boyle, "Inequality and Opportunity: Wealth Distribution in Ste. Genevieve, 1757-1804," paper delivered at the Social Science History Association Meeting, Washington, D.C., October 1983.

¹⁰Gregg, The Commerce of the Prairies, 332-333.

¹¹U. S. House of Representatives, Report No. 458 to accompany H. R. No. 358, 13th Cong. First Session.

¹²Gregg, The Commerce of the Prairies, 159.

¹³Frank D. Reeve, editor. "The Charles Bent Papers." New Mexico Historical Review 29 (1954): 234-39, 311-317; 30 (1955): 154-167, 252-254, 340-352; 31 (1956): 75-77, 157-164; 251-53.

¹⁴Barton H. Barbour, ed. Reluctant Frontiersman: James Ross Larkin on the Santa Fe Trail, 1856-1857 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990), 103; Robert W. Frazer, ed., Over the Chihuahua and Santa Fe Trails, 1847-1848: George Rutledge Gibson's Journal (Albuquerque: published jointly by University of New Mexico Press and New Mexico Historical Society, 1981), 21.

¹⁵John P. Bloom, "New Mexico Viewed by Anglo Americans, 1846-1849." New Mexico Historical Review 34 (1959), 182.

¹⁶MANM, roll 15 # 230-257; roll 16 # 1000-1014; roll 20 # 2-124, 126-150, 355-458; 522-530; roll 22 # 3-5; 6-192; roll 23 # 1046-1075; roll 25 # 262-368; roll 26 # 602-650, 681-729; roll 28 # 103-131; roll 29 # 168-177, 289-320; roll 32 # 2-12, 31-63; roll 33 # 752-772; roll 35 # 5-48; 227-257; roll 39 3-37, 143-162; roll 42 # 453-490.

¹⁷MANM, roll 8 # 662-663, 665-667.

¹⁸MANM roll 36 # 380-389.

¹⁹MANM, roll 5 # 1322-1330, case against Silvester Pratte for illegal hunting of beaver; roll 8, # 387-417, case against Vicente Guion for illegally owning 300 lbs of beaver; roll 15 # 162-170, case against Ewing Young; for a colorful description of the fur traders' adventures in the New Mexican territory, see Lavender's Bent's Fort, 59-89.

²⁰MANM, roll 4 # 707-708; roll 5 # 1322-1330; roll 6 # 851-852, 1017-1020; roll 7 # 204-247; roll 8 # 372-418, 448-504; 1319-1332.

²¹MANM, roll 5 # 1322-1330; roll 8 # 387-418; # 1319-1332.

²²MANM, roll 15 # 162-170.

²³MANM, roll 15 # 268-270.

²⁴MANM, roll 8 # 504-672.

²⁵MANM, roll 13 # 647-49.

²⁶MANM, roll 10 # 565-572.

²⁷MANM, roll 1 # 208; roll 8 # 1349-1353; roll 10 # 545-546, 556-558; 565-572; roll 15 # 909-910,1007; roll 22 # 505; roll 38 # 90; roll 39 # 222-223.

²⁸MANM, roll 8 # 440-503, 118, 1142; roll 13 # 647-49; roll 14 # 49-52; roll 15 #635-650, 835, 869-70; roll 16 # 311-312, 998-999; roll 18 # 400-401; roll 26 # 675-678; roll 39 164-239.

²⁹Gregg, The Commerce of the Prairies, 75

³⁰MANM, roll 23 # 406-409, 622-623; roll 38 # 511-514.

³¹MANM, roll 8 # 505-664.

³²MANM, roll 8 # 505-532.

³³MANM, roll 8 # 533-536.

³⁴MANM, roll 8 # 538-552.

³⁵MANM, roll 8 # 604-609.

³⁶MANM, roll 8 # 611-630.

³⁷MANM, roll 8 # 631-645.

³⁸MANM, roll 8 # 645-660.

³⁹MANM, roll 8 # 661-664.

⁴⁰MANM, roll 14 # 49-52.

⁴¹MANM, roll 13 # 647-654.

⁴²MANM, roll 15 # 620-623.

⁴³Appendix I; Barry, The Beginning of the West, 437, 449, 455, 475-476, 486, 565, 571.

⁴⁴Documents indicate that after 1839 wealthy New Mexicans regularly paid a substantial portion of the import duties collected by the Customs Office, MANM, roll 28 # 698-719, 730, 736-38, roll 32 # 1598-1620, roll 34 # 1171-1199, roll 37 # 413-458, roll 41 # 811-812, but the Armijos (Manuel, Juan and Rafael) were not identified among those bringing merchandise in 1840 and 1842, nor were their names among the lists of those paying import duties.