TUMACACORI Historic Resource Study

¹Jeoss, or Jios, derives from Dios, the Spanish word for God. As living oral tradition, the O'odham creation story had incorporated some Christian elements by the twentieth century.

²Shaul and Hill (1998) note the presence of several Zuni loan words in Upper Piman, including siwañ, which means 'rain priest' in Zuni and 'rain shaman' among the Tohono O'odham, and kihe, which means 'ceremonial brother' in Zuni and 'brother-in-law' or 'sister-in-law' in Tohono O'odham.

³Wilcox also notes that the site of Santa Cruz further upstream has what may be an I-shaped ballcourt, which he interprets as a sign of its integration into the Paquimé (Casas Grandes) macroregional system (Wilcox in press). Henry Wallace (personal communication) disagrees, stating that the ballcourt is elliptical.

⁴In his account of the trek, Cabeza de Vaca wrote, "In that land there are small pine trees and the cones of these are like small eggs, but the pine nuts are better than those of Castile, because they have very thin shells." Cleve Hallenbeck, who routed the náufragos through the Southwest, contended that the nuts were from Pinus edulis, the pinyon pine common in west Texas and New Mexico. To test an alternative hypothesis that the route swung further south, astronomer Donald Olson and his colleagues at Southwest Texas State University traveled to Coahuila and found pinyons with thin-shelled nuts at the edge of a canyon in Sierra La Gloria southeast of Monclova (Hallenbeck 1940; Olson et al 1997).

⁵While in Jiaspi, according to Manje's second account, "We found no indication whatsoever that they [the Sobaipuris under Humari] had any commerce with the enemy Jocomes and Janos, but on the contrary, great animosity. On September 15 of this year of [16]97, they dealt a blow to these enemy Jocomes, killing four of them and taking two boys prisoner, whom the Sobaipuris of San Xavier del Bac now have" (my translation of Burrus 1971:363). Later in his second account, Manje mentions that the Sobaipuris from Bac had traveled thirty leagues to participate in this attack. Sobaipuris in the Tucson Basin clearly had close ties to Sobaipuris living along the lower San Pedro.

⁶Tohono O'odham draw a distinction between "staying sicknesses" (ká:cim múmkidag) which inflict only O'odham and "wandering sicknesses" (óimmeddam múmkidag) which are contagious and sicken all peoples (Bahr et al. 1974).