War in the Pacific Administrative History

¹Erik K. Reed. General Report on Archeology and History of Guam, unpublished manuscript. Santa Fe, NM: National Park Service, 1952.

²Ibid.

³Garcia, Life of Sanvitores, as report in Reed, General Report on Archeology and History of Guam, 14.

⁴Reed. 24.

⁵Reed, 26

⁶Fritz, Georg. The Chamorro: A History and Ethnography of the Mariana Islands. Translated by Elfriede Craddock, N.M.I. Division of Historic Preservation, October 2001. 18. [Note: Georg Fritz was a District Administrator of the Mariana Islands in the late 1800s. He wrote this paper in 1904.]

⁷Ibid. 27.

⁸Ibid.

⁹Exploration of the planet in the late eighteenth century also meant traversing oceans without the benefit of what today would be considered the most elementary navigational technology. Although the latitude of a vessel could be determined with fair accuracy by the simple expediency of measuring the angle of the sun above the horizon precisely at noon, determining longitude was a problem. Position plotting was so inexact that ships would frequently anchor at night if near a lee shore, and if anchoring were not possible, they would come about and sail a reciprocal heading until the first light of dawn.

Quite simply, eighteenth century voyagers frequently did not know precisely where they were. For centuries mariners had relied upon "dead reckoning" to determine their longitude–guesswork based upon compass readings and distances measured by the log. Currents and other variables were often difficult if not impossible to detect. The mystery of longitude made transoceanic voyages dangerous, and made accurate mapping of what was observed impossible. It wasn't until longitude could be accurately measured, for example, that the width of North America could be fully appreciated. A mid-seventeenth century map, prepared at a time when measuring longitude was still largely guesswork, indicated that North America was so narrow that it could be crossed on foot in ten days.

Accurately measuring longitude was finally made possible by the appreciation of the relationship between two obvious realities: (1) The earth was basically spherical, described by a 360° circle, and (2) the earth rotated at a constant speed. The earth revolves through 360° in twenty-four hours; therefore, it rotates exactly 15° of longitude in one hour (360/24=15). Consequently, if the time at the ship's location is two hours later than the time at Greenwich, the navigator would plot the ship's longitude as 30 degrees (2 hours x 15 degrees/hour = 30 degrees). Dr. Nevil Maskelyne developed one of the first methods for making this time-difference determination. It was based upon measuring the angular distance between the moon and the sun or the moon and one of the fixed stars, and the time when the observation was made on board the ship. This time was compared to the time that the same astrological phenomena would be observed in London, and the time difference was then converted to degrees. These astrological angular distances as measured in Greenwich were published in the Nautical Almanac. Although theoretically correct, the mathematician who developed the method failed to appreciate the difficulty of accurately measuring astrological angles while standing on a sea-tossed deck.

An accurate chronometer was finally developed that could withstand both the physical forces exerted by a ship moving at sea and exposure to water. The chronometer kept track of Greenwich Time so that whenever local time could be determined by astrological observation, the difference between the two, and hence the longitude, could be ascertained (one hour = 15 degrees). The chronometer came of age in 1759 when John Harrison completed his fourth timepiece. After exhaustive tests lasting until 1764, its reliability was officially acknowledged by the British Admiralty

Accurate position fixing and the ability to accurately map what was observed were critically important to the eighteenth century explorers. They were not merely adventurers off on sailing cruises, they were scientists seeking knowledge of economic, military, or scientific import, and they needed to be able to map what they found. The voyagers were dispatched to investigate and report on flora, fauna, climate, topography, natural resources, the presence or absence of other Europeans, as well as the social, political, and economic characteristics of local inhabitants. These ships set sail from London, New Spain (Mexico), or Boston with well-educated and experienced biologists, astronomers, cartographers, surveyors, and artists on board. Their missions were nearly indistinguishable from any mission of today's NASA.

¹⁰A number of Chamorro legends have recently been posted on the Government of Guam web site, www.gov.gu/legends. They include Legend of Two Lovers Point, Secret of Two Lovers Cave at Northern Guam, Legend of Sirena the Mermaid, Legend of Chief Gadao-The Challenge, Chief Gadao-Three Three Feats of Strength, Legend of the coconut, Story of the Boy Lizard, Legend of Our Lady of Kamalen, Legend of Haluu, The Blessed Mother Who Stopped the Giant Fish, The Beautiful Rainbow Bridge, The White Lady of Fonte' River, and Masala's Powerful Son Leaps to the Island of Rota.

¹¹Paul Carano, "The Ancient Chamorros," Guam Recorder, Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Agana, Guam, Summer, 1976.

¹²Robert F. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995), 1-8.

¹³For a detailed first-hand account of Magellan's voyage see: Antonio Pigafetta, First Voyage Around the World. reprint. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild, 1969.

¹⁴Eighteenth-century voyagers frequently did not know precisely where they were. For centuries, mariners had relied upon "dead reckoning" (essentially guesswork based upon observations and years of experience at sea) to determine their longitude–guesswork based upon compass readings and distances measured by the "log" (an instrument towed in the water used to determine a ship's speed). The speed of the ship indicated by the log, when related mathematically with elapsed time, provided the distance traveled, (at least theoretically, since the log could not account for currents). Currents and other variables were often difficult if not impossible to detect. See Derek Hayes, Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1999).

¹⁵Robert F. Rogers and Dirk Anthony Ballendorf, "Whither Magellan?." Guam & Micronesia: Glimpses (1989): 10; Also see Roberts, Destiny's Landfall, 5-9.

¹⁶The information in this and the next several paragraphs has been synthesized principally from Rogers, Destiny's Landfall (pp. 8-20) and Erik K. Reed, "General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam." Typescript. Santa Fe: National Park Service, 1952. For a more exhaustive history of Guam, also see Paul Crano and Pedro C. Snachez, A Complete History of Guam (Rutland, VT: Tuttle and Company, ??)

¹⁷A proa (parao in Portuguese), first described by Pigafetta and Albo, was a Micronesian outrigger canoe with a single triangular lateen sail. It was known for its sophisticated and asymmetrical shape and weight, enabling this ocean-going sailing canoe to move swiftly and gracefully through the water. Roberts, Destiny's Landfall, 31-33.

¹⁸Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 8. The history of Guam during Spanish domination is presented in a lengthy series of articles in P. J. Searles, "Guam After the Spanish Conquest, Parts I, II, III, IV< V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX," Guam Recorder 12 and 13 (February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, and October 1936).

¹⁹Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 20; Reed, "General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam," 11.

²⁰Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 18-19.

²¹For a more detailed first-hand account of Father San Vitores's experiences on Guam see Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores, Mission in the Marianas: An Account of Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores and His Companions, 1669-1670. Translated by Ward Barrett (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975).

²²Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 45-47. Also see Father Francisco Garcia, S. J., Vida y martyrio del Venerable Padre Diego Luis de Sanvitores [Life of Father Sanvitores] (Madrid, 1683), translated and published in several issues of the Guam Recorder (September 1936-July 1939) and Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores, Mission in the Marianas: An Account of Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores and His Companions, 1669-1670. Translated by Ward Varrett (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975).

²³Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 47-49; Reed, "General Report on Archeology and History of Guam," 43.

²⁴Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 51.

²⁵Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 49-51; Reed, "General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam," 45-46.

²⁶A "catechist is a person who uses questions and answers to teach the principals of Christian dogma, discipline, and ethics.

²⁷Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 55-57; Reed, "General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam," 46-47.

²⁸Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 58-59.

²⁹Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 59-63.

³⁰Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 63-69. See also Garcia, Vida y martyrio del Venerable Padre Diego Luis de Sanvitores [Life of Father Sanvitores].

³¹Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 69-71.

³²Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 70-72.

³³Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 71-73. Joseph de Quiroga continued to influence the destiny of Chamorros into the eighteenth century. Quiroga remained in government, retiring as mayor of Hagatna in 1720. He died three years later and was buried in the Hagatna church. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 79.

³⁴Rogers, 79.

³⁵Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 74-75, 79, 84, 103-104.

³⁶Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 79-82, 89-90.

³⁷Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 77, etc.

³⁸A privateer is the commander of a ship privately owned and crewed, but authorized by a government, usually one at war, to attack and capture enemy vessels.

³⁹Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 69, 77-78, 80, 82.

⁴⁰Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 80-84.

⁴¹Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 85, 91-92, 95. Also see Reed, "General Report," 58-59.

⁴²Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 92.

⁴³Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 98.

⁴⁴Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 92, 95-96, 100.

⁴⁵Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 57. Haswell's journal is in the Essex Institute Library, Salem, Massachusetts and quoted in the Guam Recorder (September and October 1925).

⁴⁶Over-harvesting of the reefs put an end to pearl diving in the Marianas by the late 1800s. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 89.

⁴⁷Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 57, 88-89, 94; Reed, "General Report," 60.

⁴⁸Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 99-100, 106; Reed, "General Report," 61-62.

⁴⁹Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1890).

⁵⁰Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 107-109; Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1951), 4.

⁵¹Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 109-13; Russell A. Apple, "Guam: Two Invasions and Three Military Occupations, 3; Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost. 6-10. Also see Henry P. Beers, American Naval Occupation and Government of Guam, 1898-1902 (Washington, D.C.: Office of Records Administration, Navy Department, 1944) and M. Dean Zenor, "United States Naval Government and Administration of Guam" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa, 1949).

⁵²For a comprehensive examination of naval administration of Guam and other U.S. trust territories in the Pacific, see Commander Dorothy E. Richard, United States Naval Administration of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1957-1963).

⁵³Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 114.

⁵⁴Peonage refers to the practice of perpetuating poverty by having the poor pay debts to the elite class by labor that sometimes lasted for years.

⁵⁵Governor Leary's Lieutenant Governor William Edwin Safford wrote the first English-language text book on the Chamorro language. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 117-19.

⁵⁶Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 120-22.

⁵⁷Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 122-23, 125.

⁵⁸Both quotes in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 125, 126.

⁵⁹Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 125.

⁶⁰Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 126.

⁶¹Racism as an endemic part of the American naval officers' culture has been documented by several historians, including Peter Karsten, The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modern American Navalism (New York: Free Press, 1972).

⁶²Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 126.

⁶³Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a nephew of Theodore Roosevelt, who had held the same position during the Spanish-American War. Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 128-34.

⁶⁴Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 130, 133-34.

⁶⁵Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 128, 130-31. Also see David G. McCullough, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914 (Simon and Schuster, 1977) for a very readable history of the Panama Canal.

⁶⁶Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 130-31.

⁶⁷Copra is a dried kernel of the coconut used to make coconut oil.

⁶⁸Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 135-38.

⁶⁹Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 135-36, 138-40.

⁷⁰Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 140-43.

⁷¹Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 144, 145-48.

⁷²Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 149-51.

⁷³Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 152-53, 156, 158-60.

⁷⁴Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 145-46, 157-58, 160-61.

⁷⁵Japan had not been given control over the U.S. territories of Guam and Wake Island and the British colonies of the Gilbert Islands, Nauru, and Ocean Island.

⁷⁶For a close examination of Japan's strategic military activities in Micronesia, see Willard Price, Japan's Islands of Mystery (London: W. Heinemann, 1944); Paul Clyde, Japan's Pacific Mandate New York: MacMillan, 1935); Yanaihara Tadao, Pacific Islands Under Japanese Mandate (Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1939); Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie, editors, The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 (Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1984); and Mark R. Peattie, Nan'ya: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1895 to 1945 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988).

⁷⁷Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 146-47, 151, 156-57. Also see Herold J. Wiens, Pacific Island Bastions of the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1962).

⁷⁸Dirk Anthony Ballendorf, "World War II in Micronesia: A Lecture Presented at the University of Guam." Micronesian Studies Department, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.

⁷⁹Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 157.

⁸⁰Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 157, 161-62.

⁸¹Straffing is machine gun fire from shot from fighter airplanes to targets on the ground.

⁸²Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 163-65.

⁸³Edward E. Hale, chief warrant officer third class of the U. S. Navy on board the Penguin before it was bombed by the Japanese, described the sequence of events around the plaza on December 10 in First Captured, Last Freed: Memoirs of a PO.W. in World War II, Guam and Japan Sebastopol, CA: Grizzly Bear Press, 1995), 8-35.

⁸⁴About sixty-five Guamanians and Americans and ten Japanese solders lost their lives during the invasion. Governor George McMillin described events leading up to the surrender in "Surrender of Guam to the Japanese," Guam Recorder 1 (April-September 1972): 9-12. Father Alvin LaFeir's remembrance of the Japanese invasion of Guam is presented in "The Builder's Story," Pacific Profile 4: 2 (February 1966): 14-16, 20-24. Also see Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 165-68; Ballendorf, "World War II in Micronesia," 3-5; Erwin N. Thompson, Historic Resource Study: War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam (Golden, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, c. 1985), 1-2.

⁸⁵Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 173.

⁸⁶Paul Carno, "Liberation Day: Prelude to Freedom," Guam Recorder 3 (second series, July-September 1973), 4-5; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 169-76. A constellation of islanders' wartime memories was presented in a series of articles in the July 1965 issue of the Pacific Profile. These include: Audrey B. Camba, "Merizo Massacre" (pp. 6-7, 28-29, 50-53); Jose Gutierrez, Anatacio Blas, and Frank Terlaje, "They Staked Their Lives So They Can Hear the News" (pp. 14-16); Herbert J. Johnston, "A Barrel of Soap" (pp. 13, 57); Francisco G. Lujan, "Inarajan Uprising" (pp. 9, 54); Francisco G. Lujan and Joaquin Aflague Limtiaco, "Last Hours of Father Duenas" (pp. 10-11); Pedro Peredo, "Wartime Memories" (pp. 17-18); Paul B. Souder, "The Problems of Feeding, Clothing, and Housing 18,000 War Refugees" (pp. 24-27); William Stove and Van Tiljord "Military Remnants of the War" (pp. 30-31); and Luis P. Untalan, "The Long Trek Manengon" (pp. 20-21, 23).

⁸⁷Carno, Liberation Day," 3.

⁸⁸Ballendorf, "World War II in Micronesia," 5-10; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 174-78

⁸⁹Carno, "Liberation Day," 4.

⁹⁰Quoted in Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 181.

⁹¹Carno, "Liberation Day," 6; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 174-78, 182-84. Also see O. R. Lodge. The Recapture of Guam (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, Headquarters, G-3 Division, Historical Branch, 1954); reprint Fredericks burg, TX: Awani Press, 1984).

⁹²Of this total of 54,89, 20,328 belonged to the Third Marine Division, 17,958 to the Seventy-seventh Infantry Division, 9,886 to the First Provisional Marine Brigade, and 6,719 to the III Amphibious Corps.

⁹³Carno, "Liberation Day," 6-7; Rogers Destiny's Landfall, 182-84.

⁹⁴Carno, "Liberation Day," 7; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 182-85. Details of the American invasion of Asan and Agat are presented in Erwin N. Thompson's Historic Resource Study: War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam (N.p.: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, c. 1985).

⁹⁵See Major General Haruo Umezawa and Colonel Louis Metzger, "The Defense of Guam," ?PGBSO? for details of the Japanese defense of Guam and the American offensive.

⁹⁶The invasion of Guam cost 18,377 Japanese their lives; 1,250 were taken prisoners. American losses were 1,370 killed in action and 6,053 wounded in action. About 9,000 Japanese remained on Guam, scattered and hiding in small groups, for as long as a year. It took three decades to capture or kill the last 114 Japanese stragglers; the very last, Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi, surrendered in January 1972. Carno, "Liberation Day," 7-9; Rogers, Destiny's Landfall, 185-94; Ballendorf, "World War II in Micronesia," 11.

⁹⁷Public Law 81-630, codified at 48 USC 1421 et seq.

⁹⁸30 Stat. 1754.

⁹⁹Northwest Territory Ordinance of 1787, 1 Stat. 50.

¹⁰⁰Coudert, "The Evolution of the Doctrine of Territorial Incorporation," Columbia Law Review, 26:823, 827, as quoted in Lizabeth A. Mckibben, "The Political Relationship Between the United States and Pacific Islands Entities: The Path to Self-Government in the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, and Guam," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 31, No. 1, Winter 1990.

¹⁰¹See Justice White's concurring opinion in Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 282-83 (1901), and the Supreme Court's unanimous opinion in Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922) for a full discussion of limits on constitutional rights afforded residents of unincorporated territories.

¹⁰²Trusteeship Agreement for the Former Japanese Mandated Islands, approved by the United Nations Security Council, Apr. 2-July 18, 1947, 61 Stat. 3301, T.I.A.S. No. 1665, 8 U.N.T.S. 189.

¹⁰³The Trust Territory the United States was to administer under this Trust Agreement was geographically extensive. It consisted of approximately three million square miles of the Pacific Ocean from latitude 1 degree to 20 degrees north and from longitude 130 to 170 degrees east. It included more than 2,100 islands in three major archipelagos: the Caroline, Mariana, and Marshall Islands. The Trust Territory included most of Micronesia. See Armstrong, "The Emergence of the Micronesians into the International Community: A study of the Creation of a New International Entity," Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 5:207 (1979).

At the end of the Second World War, the United States ceded all Pacific islands it had gained military control over (except for Guam) to the United Nations, and the United Nations then transferred administrative authority over the islands to the United States without reconveying sovereignty. Lizabeth A. McKibben, "The Political Relationship Between the United States and Pacific Islands Entities: The Path to Self-Government in the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, and Guam," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 31, No. 1, winter 1990.

¹⁰⁴U.S. Const. art. IV, Sec 3, clause 2. United States v. Huckabee, 83 U.S. 414 (1872).

¹⁰⁵Sims v. Sims, 175 U.S. 162, 168 (1899).

¹⁰⁶Both the equal treatment provisions of the U. S. Constitution (Article I, Sec 9, cl. 6; Article IV, Sec 1; Article IV, Sec 2, cl. 1; and Article IV, Sec 4) as well as provisions of the tenth amendment creating residual state powers ("The powers not delegated to the U. S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to the people." U. S. Constitution, Tenth Amendment.) vest powers in state governments whereas territories such as Guam are completely subservient to federal power under the treaty clause.

¹⁰⁷It has been argued that Section 142k of the Organic Act expressly extended that authority to the Navy: "Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed as limiting the authority of the President to designate parts of Guam as naval or military reservations, nor to restrict his authority to treat Guam as a closed port with respect to the vessels and aircraft of foreign nations." W. Scott Barrett and Walter S. Ferenz, "Peacetime Martial Law in Guam," California Law Review, March 1960, 1-30.

¹⁰⁸Solomon, "The Guam Constitutional Convention of 1977," Virginia Journal of International Law, 19:723.

¹⁰⁹The Organic Act of Guam, 64 Stat. 384, Sec 3, 48 U.S.C. Sec 1421

¹¹⁰Rodriguez v. Gaylord, 429 F. Supp. 797 (Since Guam is an unincorporated territory, the government of Guam has only those powers conferred upon it by Congress).

¹¹¹Sec 5; 48 U.S.C. 1421b, as amended by Public Law 90-497, 82 Stat. 847.

¹¹²Sec 4. This provision was later repealed by Act of June 27, 1952, 66 Stat. 280 and reenacted (with changes) as part of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 8 U.S.C. Sec 1407.

¹¹³Codified at 48 U.S.C. Secs 1421 — 1425, as amended.

¹¹⁴15 F.R. 7313.

¹¹⁵Guam v. Olsen, 431 U.S. 195 (1977). In this five-to-four decision Justice Marshall was joined by Justices Stewart, Rehnquist, and Stevens, in a dissenting opinion where the minority criticized the majority of the court for destroying "a significant part of the system of self-government established by some 85,000 American citizens through their freely elected legislature. Id., 205.

¹¹⁶Guam Draft Commonwealth Act, Legislature of Guam, Proposed Draft Feb. 1988, 10.

¹¹⁷Frederica M. Bunge and Melinda W. Cooke, editors Oceania: A Regional Study, Wash. D.C.: American University, 1984.

¹¹⁸Ibid., 270.

¹¹⁹Id, 271.

¹²⁰It is important to note that there are occasions when national parks are created by Congress without the National Park Service being consulted, and times when parks are created by Congress even over the objection of the Park Service.

¹²¹Status Report: Proposed War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1969, archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office, National Park Service, Oakland, California, (hereafter cited simply as the Pacific Great Basin Support Office). Two reports that were created in 1952 were The Archeology and History of Guam, by Dr. Erik Reed, and Parks and Recreation Areas, Territory of Guam, by Irving C. Root, both were National Park Service reports.

¹²²Territorial Sun, September 19, 1965.

¹²³Memorandum. From Director, National Park Service to Legislative Counsel, Office of the Solicitor, March 28, 1967. It should be noted that the Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings and Monuments concluded that the areas on Guam relating to the battle for Guam had national significance and recommended the establishment of a War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

¹²⁴Guam Daily News, February 13, 1967

¹²⁵A Master Plan for War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, July 1967.

¹²⁶Ibid, 37.

¹²⁷Ibid, 52.

¹²⁸Ibid, 53.

¹²⁹Memorandum, Roy Appleman to Robert Utley, August 15, 1967.

¹³⁰Status Report: Proposed War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1969.

¹³¹These sums were the result of negotiations conducted in 1967 in which the Government of Guam received land on Cabras Island to be used as commercial port facilities in exchange for it transferring to the Park Service other land it owned in and around the villages of Asan, Piti, and Agat that were generally believed to become part of a future War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

¹³²Memorandum from Chief, Branch of Appraisals (H.P. Troy) to Chief, Division of Land and Water Rights, dated June 5, 1969.

¹³³Letter from the Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of Defense, August 28, 1969

¹³⁴Draft, RJBranges:HPTroy:mj:6/3/69, dated June 3, 1969,

¹³⁵Pacific Daily News, October 1, 1970.

¹³⁶Memorandum from Director, National Park Service, to Director, Office of Territories, Department of the Interior, February 26, 1971, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹³⁷Memorandum from General Superintendent, Hawaii Group, to Director, Western Region, NPS, March 15, 1972. WAPA archives.

¹³⁸Memorandum from H. P. Troy, Chief, Branch of Appraisals, NPS, to Chief, Division of Land Acquisition, NPS, May 17, 1972. WAPA archives.

¹³⁹Memorandum from State Director, Hawaii, National Park Service [Robert L. Barrel] to Director, Western Region, National Park Service, September 29, 1972. WAPA archives.

¹⁴⁰Ibid, 2.

¹⁴¹Ibid, 3. [Note: Barrel is referring to Lot 223-R4, Nimitz Hill Estates subdivision.]

¹⁴²Letter from Curti Bohlen, Acting Assistant Secretary of the Interior to Carlos G. Camacho, Governor of Guam, October 10, 1972, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁴³Memorandum from Bruce Rice, Lands Office, Denver Service Center to Robert L. Barrel, State Director, Hawaii, NPS, February 21, 1973, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁴⁴Memorandum from Robert L. Barrel, State Director, Hawaii to Director, Western Region, National Park Service, March 1, 1973, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁴⁵Memorandum from Howard H. Chapman, Director, Western Region, National Park Service, to Associate Director, Legislation, National Park Service, March 19, 1973, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁴⁶Memorandum from Chief, Division of Legislative Coordination and Support to Chief, Division of Legislation, April 23, 1973, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁴⁷Letter from Rogers C. Morton, Secretary of the Interior to Governor Camacho, July 17, 1974, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁴⁸Memorandum from Assistant Director, Park Historic Preservation to Associate Director, Legislation (Robert M. Utley), April 4, 1975, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁴⁹Memorandum from Chief, Division of Land Acquisition (Philip O. Stewart), to Chief, Division of Legislation, April 14, 1975, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁵⁰Memorandum, from Richard C. Curry, Acting Director, National Park Service, to Legislative Counsel, July 2, 1975, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁵¹Letter from Ricardo Bordallo, Governor of Guam, to the "United States Department of the Interior," December 16, 1975, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁵²Letters from Antonio Won Pat, House of Representatives to Thomas S. Kleppe, Secretary of the Interior, March 1, 1976, and March 31, 1976, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁵³Memorandum from Robert Utley, Assistant Director, Park Historic Preservation to the Associate Director, Legislation, March 29, 1976, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁵⁴Memorandum from Robert Barrel, State Director, Hawaii, NPS, to Regional Director, Western Region, August 3, 1976, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁵⁵Memorandum from John H. Davis, Acting Regional Director, Western Region to Associate Director, Legislation, August 24, 1976, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁵⁶Letter from Paul B. Souder, Director, Land Management, Government of Guam, to Richard W. Barnett, National Park Service Planning and Service Center, San Francisco, August 10, 1967, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁵⁷New Area Study, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam, Revision of 1967 Proposal, National Park Service, September 1977, 11.

¹⁵⁸1977 WAPA proposal, 14.

¹⁵⁹Ibid, 47.

¹⁶⁰1977 NPS Proposal, 21-22.

¹⁶¹Memorandum, from Ruth G. VanCleve, Director, Office of Territorial Affairs, Department of the Interior, to Assistant Secretary, Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, August 5, 1977, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

¹⁶²Tigger Newman, Stell Newman's daughter, interview January 2004, by authors.

¹⁶³Pacific Daily News, July 4, 1979. Note: The issue that precipitated this Government of Guam response was a decision to transfer island tax collection from the local government to IRS. Apparently, the decision was made without consulting the Government of Guam.

¹⁶⁴Frederica M. Bunge and Melinda Cook, editors, Oceans: A Regional Study, Wash. D.C.: American University, 1984, 89. Note: Only four percent voted for independence. In a run-off election, seventy-three percent expressed a desire for commonwealth states, and twenty-one percent wanted statehood.

¹⁶⁵Star Bulletin, December 4, 1975. This General Assembly resolution was an attempt to enforce Article 6 of the Trusteeship Agreement entered into by the United States and the United Nations shortly after World War II, under which the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was created. That agreement required, in part, that the United States: "promote the development of the inhabitants . . . toward self-government . . . [and] . . . the economic advancement and self-sufficiency of the inhabitants," Trusteeship Agreement for the United States Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Although Guam had been a territory of the United States since 1899, it was not exempted from the United Nations trusteeship agreement. No record of a United States response to the General Assembly resolution could be found in the U.N. archives; therefore, it is probable that Guam was intended to be included, as evidence by that failure to respond or object to the General Assembly's presumption of inclusion.

¹⁶⁶Pacific Daily News, December 4, 1975.

¹⁶⁷Bunge, Oceans: A Regional Study, 74.

¹⁶⁸Bunge, Oceans: A Regional Study, 86.

¹⁶⁹This public law had its genesis as Senate Bill 2821; the House of Representatives dealt with a companion bill, H. R. 12481. The Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs reported H. R. 12481 to the floor with House Report No. 95-1112; the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources reported the Senate bill out with Senate Report 95-784, both reports recommended passage, with amendments. See Congressional Record Vol. 124 (1978). On May 8^th, H. R. 12481 was considered in the House. On May 10^th the same House bill was considered and passed in the Senate. The House finally passed the bill on June 5^th; however, it then vacated the passage and passed Senate Bill 2821 instead. On August 3, the Senate concurred with the amendments the House had added to Senate Bill 2821, then added some amendments of its own, and passed the amended amended bill. On August 4, the House of Representatives passed amended amended Senate Bill 2821 into law. It became effective on August 18, 1978.

¹⁷⁰Public Law 95-348, 92 Stat. 492, 16 USC 460dd. For a verbatim presentation of the portions of this Public Law relevant to WAPA, see Attachment 8 of this document.

¹⁷¹Public Law 95-348, Sec 6(b).

¹⁷²Public Law 95-348, Sec 6(k).

¹⁷³Witnesses presenting oral testimony were: George Bamba of the Guam Legislature; Frank Blas Department of Commerce, Government of Guam; Paul Bordallo, 11^th Guam Legislature; Richard Bordallo, Guam businessman; James Brooks, attorney for Betty Borja Santos; Paul Calvo, Guam Legislature; Tomas Charfauros, Guam Legislature; Dr. George Child, biology teacher, University of Guam; Fred Cochran, Guam businessman; Dr. Lu Eldridge; Charles Falcon, Marianas Divers Club; George Franquez; Joseph Hruby, teacher, Washington High School; Carlton Jones, Guam Chamber of Commerce; Manuel Jose, Guam businessman; Gerald Perez, Director, Department of Land Management of Guam; Jack Rice; Dr. Doublas Smith, Guam Science Teachers Association; and Richard Taitano, Guam Environmental Council. Additionally, letters were submitted for inclusion in the record by: James Branch, Guam Science Teachers Association; George Franquez; Carlton Jones, Guam Chamber of Commerce; and Bruce Karolle, geography teacher, University of Guam.

¹⁷⁴Transcript, Hearing, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States House of Representatives, January 1972, Agana, Guam, 4.

¹⁷⁵Ibid, 10.

¹⁷⁶Senate Report, 103-98, To accompany H. R. 1944. Calendar No. 143, 3.

¹⁷⁷Testimony, Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands, Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session on H. R. 1944, May 27, 1993, Serial No. 103-29, 9.

¹⁷⁸Master Plan of the Territory of Guam, A Physical Development Policy Statement, Agana, Guam: Guam Territorial Planning Commission, 1966.

¹⁷⁹Frederica M. Bunge, and Melinda W. Cooke, editors, Oceana: A Regional Study, Wash., D.C., American University, 1984.

¹⁸⁰Not only is race-specific civil rights diametrically opposed to the entire concept of America, race, as commonly defined, simply does not exist. As Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson concluded, "Individuals from different [genetic] populations are, on average, just slightly more different from one another than are individuals from the same [genetic] populations." Michael Bamshad and Steve Olson, "Does Race Exist?" Scientific American, Dec 2003.

¹⁸¹Resolution 147, Thirteenth Guam Legislature, 1976, Second Regular Session.

¹⁸²Environmental Assessment — General Management Plan — War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Agana, Guam: National Park Service, 1983. Note: Public meetings to review the draft included August 17, 1982, Agat Village (thirteen persons attended); August 18, 1982, Piti Village (thirteen persons attended); August 19, 1982, Asan Village (seven persons attended); and August 20, 1982, Agana Village (twelve persons attended). No record of attendance at other, earlier meetings could be found.

¹⁸³Summaries of written comments received from agencies of the territorial government, and NPS staff responses are included in Appendix 2. Additionally, this appendix includes summaries of comments made during earlier workshops and public meetings, although the specific persons making these oral comments, and the attendance could not be ascertained.

¹⁸⁴Throughout the process of gathering comments on the General Management Plan, many comments made were not relevant to a GMP, and more appropriately needed to be dealt with in other documents or contexts, such as hiring practices, interpretive methods, and protection of artifacts.

¹⁸⁵Agana, Asan, Piti, Sumay, Agat, Yona, Inarajan, and Merizo. Pacific Sunday News, June 1, 1977.

¹⁸⁶Honolulu Advertiser, March 10, 1971, reporting a Guam legislature resolution (Resolution 6) concluding that much of the land acquisition on Guam by the United States was effected by fraud. A cursory examination of federal court documents from the 1940s and 1950s revealed pleadings from the civil case United States of America v. 2,471 acres . . . , Civil No. 5-49, District Court of Guam, Territory of Guam. In that case a condemnation Declaration of Taking was filed by the Secretary of the Navy on November 30, 1948; however, funds were not placed in an escrow account to compensate owners for the condemnation until July 1954 (filed by C. S. Thomas, then Secretary of the Navy). A total of $391,598 US was set aside as total consideration for the 2,471 acres. Separate judgments were entered for each of the several land parcels taken in this action. Significantly, each of the judgments pertaining to all the owners of all 2,471 acres recited that the land owner, "waived service of summons and any and all other process and notice in this proceeding, waived all right to a hearing on the . . . issue of just compensation . . . "According to court records, all appraisers, interpreters, and attorneys involved in those condemnation proceedings were employees or contractors of the United States government. United States of America v. 2,471 Acres, Civil No. 5-49, District Court of Guam, Territory of Guam.

A June 1, 1977, newspaper article reported that testimony was heard by the Guam legislature arguing that the conduct of the United States in its acquisition of land warranted the payment of damages. The legislature had retained Marie Morrison Rambaud and her husband to research the issue of land takings on Guam. The Rambauds had successfully recovered a $926 million settlement on behalf of Native Alaskans as damages for similar conduct by the federal government in Alaska. According to their testimony before the Guam legislature, the Rambauds concluded that only 2,600 acres were conveyed by Spain to the United States under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, but United States naval governors seized much more. Additionally, actions by agents of the U. S. government resulted in other substantial economic losses and the artificial suppression of land values to Guam residents, the Rambauds testified. For example, Captain Richard F. Leary, the first naval governor of Guam, prohibited the sale or transfer of land without United States government consent; he also prohibited residents from raising any food for export. As late as 1947, the United States Navy testified before congress arguing against opening the Guam real estate market since that would lead to "unwarranted inflation."

¹⁸⁷W. Scott Barrett and Walter S. Ferenze, "Peacetime Martial Law in Guam," California Law Review, Vol 48, No. 1, March 1960, 1-30. This "security clearance" program remained in effect until it was ended by President Kennedy's Executive Order 11045 in 1962 after several civil rights suits were filed against the United States.

¹⁸⁸Barrett, "Peacetime Martial Law in Guam," 4.

¹⁸⁹Public Law 95-134, 91 Stat 1159, codified at 48 USC 1424c.

¹⁹⁰Rodriguez v. Gaylord, 429 F.Supp. 797.

¹⁹¹By this time Guam was under the direction of a civilian, local governor as mandated by the Organic Act.

¹⁹²A narrow, promontory-like island within a few yards of the west coast of the northern end of the island.

¹⁹³Carlos Camacho, Governor of Guam, letter to Elizabeth P. Farrington, Director, Office of Territories, United States Department of the Interior, April 20, 1970. Memorandum from Director, National Park Service to file dated July 1970.

¹⁹⁴Paul B. Souder, Bureau of Planning, Government of Guam. Report. September 27, 1983.

¹⁹⁵Hickel, Walter. Letter to United States Secretary of Defense dated November 20, 1969.

¹⁹⁶Secretary of Defense. Letter to Walter Hickel, Secretary of the Interior, January 24, 1970.

¹⁹⁷Public Law 93-435, 88 Stat. 1210, codified at 48 USC 1705, as amended by Public Law 96-205.

¹⁹⁸There are exceptions to this exception that are not relevant to this history.

¹⁹⁹Souder, Report. September 27, 1983. Also, see Appendix 3 of this history for a list of park boundary adjustments advocated by Stell Newman, the Park's first superintendent.

²⁰⁰Solicitor, Department of the Interior to Regional Director, Western Region, NPS, dated January 30, 1981.

²⁰¹Land Acquisition Plan, Draft for Public Review, U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, November 1979. This policy was substantially modified in later NPS letters and memoranda that discussed the acquisition of rights less than fee simple. See below.

²⁰²Stell Newman, Superintendent of WAPA. Memorandum to Western Region Office, dated July 23, 1979.

²⁰³Antonio B. Won Pat. Testimony before the House of Representatives subcommittee on Public Lands and National Parks. March 4, 1982.

²⁰⁴National Park Service Report, Land Acquisitions, 101^st Congress.

²⁰⁵Land Acquisition Plan, Draft for Public Review, U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, November 1979.

²⁰⁶Stell Newman, Questionnaire prepared for University of Michigan School of Law. January 16, 1980.

²⁰⁷ Correspondence between the GSA's 9^th Region office and the Park Service during this time frequently referred to President Reagan's Executive Order 12348 as prohibiting "nonreimburseable" land transfers. That executive order (issued February 25, 1982) did not include such a prohibition, it only reestablished a Property Review Board that had been eliminated during the Ford administration. It was this Property Review Board that forbade nonreimburseable land conveyances.

²⁰⁸Secretary of the Interior. Letter to Chairman Morris Udall, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, January 1983. NOTE: The 1978 legislation that created WAPA contained a provision authorizing the park superintendent to make minor adjustments to the park boundaries after notifying the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, and publishing the proposed boundary changes in the Federal Register.

²⁰⁹Howard Chapman, Regional Director, NPS. Letters to Howard Ours, Acting Chief, Disposal Branch, Real Estate Division, GSA, March 2, 1983 and March 7, 1984. Also, see GSA Form 1334, "Request for Transfer of Excess Real and Related Personal Property," completed by NPS dated June 1, 1983.

²¹⁰Lowell White. Letter to Director, Pacific Area. Dated February 22, 1984.

²¹¹Ibid.

²¹²David Stockman, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President, Letter to the Secretary of the Interior dated January 6, 1984.

²¹³Director, Western Region, NPS to GSA. Dated May 23, 1984. Note: On September 6, 1983, WAPA superintendent Rafael Reyes sent an acquisition priority list to the Director of the Western Region. All the parcels listed in the prioritized list were in the Asan Beach Unit. See Rafael Reyes, Memorandum to Director, Western Region, September 6, 1983.

²¹⁴Edward R. Haberlin, Chief, Division of Land Resources, Western Region, NPS, Letter to GSA dated August 10, 1983.

²¹⁵Edward R. Haberlin, Chief, Division of Land Resources, Western Region, NPS, letter to GSA, March 30, 1984.

²¹⁶GSA Letter to Edward Haberlin, NPS, dated May 4, 1984.

²¹⁷James Watt, Secretary of the Interior, Letter to Gerald Carmen, Administrator, GSA. Letter dated May 4, 1984.

²¹⁸Joint Resolution 648-37, Public Law 98-473.

²¹⁹Theodore M. Bunsten, Director, Real Property Division, GSA Letter to Howard Chapman, NPS dated January 31, 1985, regarding the Agat Bay parcel 2. J. M. Kilian, Director, Real Estate Division, GSA, Letter to Byran Harry, Director, Pacific Area, NPS, dated February 7, 1985, regarding the Nimitz Hill land.

²²⁰Some National Park Service records report seven park units; these records count the Asan Unit as two units, one along the beach and the other inland.

²²¹"JCM" (Joseph C. Murphy), "Action Is Needed on War in Pacific Park," Pacific Daily News Guam, June 21, 1980.

²²²Russell A. Apple, "War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam, Cultural Resources, Unit by Unite," draft (Honolulu, Pacific Area Office, National Park Service, December 21, 1979. Also see Duane Denfeld, "War in the Pacific National Park Survey," typescript (N.p., September 1979).

²²³David T. Lotz, "Memorial Beach Park, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, January 8, 1974); ??? "Asan Ridge Battle Area, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1975); ??? "Asan Invasion Beach, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1978); Perry J. Fliakas, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, to William J. Murtagh, Keeper of the National Register, August 1, 1978, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office, National Park Service, Oakland, California [hereafter cited simply as Pacific Great Basin Support Office].

²²⁴Guam Inventory Team, "Agat Invasion Beach, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, August 1974); Stephen F. Lander, "Piti Coastal Defense Guns, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form" (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, October 1975).

²²⁵Stell Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific Historical Park," March 13, 1980, Archives, Harpers Ferry Training Center, National Park Service, Harper's Ferry, WV [hereafter cited simply as Harper's Ferry Training Center].

²²⁶Paul Borja, "Newman Remembered for His Warmth," Pacific Daily News, January 17, 1983.

²²⁷Thomas Stell Newman was born on the same date, July 13, as an early maternal ancestor with the surname of "Stell." The name "Stell," which he chose to be called, was a name used for several generations of that family. Annabel Newman (mother of Stell Newman), conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004; Annabel Newman, letter to Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 25, 2004.

²²⁸Nick Newman (Stell Newman's brother), "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004, sent to Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch.

²²⁹Coleman Newman conducted research on the elk in Olympic National Park. After working at Olympic National Park for six years, Coleman was transferred to the National Park Service headquarters in Washington, D.C., where he was in charge of the Wildlife Research Division. He then was transferred to Big Bend National Park in Texas, where he served four years as assistant superintendent. After serving as the first superintendent at Amistad National Recreation Area, headquartered in Del Rio, Texas, Coleman retired from the National Park Service in 1976. Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004 and letter to Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 25, 2004; Tigger (Nancy) Newman (daughter of Stell Newman), conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004.

²³⁰One summer, Stell Newman worked, instead, as a smokejumper for the U.S. Forest Service inn Missoula, Montana, but the slow fire season there encouraged him to return to Olympic National Park the next summer. Nick Newman, "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004.

²³¹Nick Newman, "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004.

²³²T. Stell Newman, "Toleak Point–An Archaeological Site on the North Central Washington Coast" (M.A. Thesis, Washington State University, 1958).

²³³Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004; Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004.

²³⁴Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004 and letter to Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 2004; Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004; Nick Newman, "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004; Stell Newman, letter to Colonel Richard Uppstrom, director, Air Force Museum, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, February 20, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office, NPS.

²³⁵Nick Newman, "Comments on First Draft Re. Stell Newman," February 2004.

²³⁶T. Stell Newman, "Curriculum Vitae," typescript, Archives, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Asan, Guam.

²³⁷Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004. Stell Newman is mentioned in John McPhee's modern-day adventures in Alaska, Coming into the Country (New York: Bantam Books, 1980), 13-27.

²³⁸T. Stell Newman, "Curriculum Vitae."

²³⁹As WAPA superintendent, Stell Newman was required to work in the official National Park Service uniform, which his previous NPS jobs had not mandated. His uniform he adorned with his retired father's NPS badge. Only after weeks of wearing his regulation uniform did he learn the proper color of socks (brown and not green, as he had guessed) to wear with his uniform. Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004.

²⁴⁰Stell and Ginger Newman raised two children, Thomas, born in 1961, and Nancy (Tigger), born in 1963. Annabel Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 11, 2004; Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004.

²⁴¹Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 1.

²⁴²Ibid., 9.

²⁴³Stell Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, American Memorial Park," March 13, 1980, Archives, Harper's Ferry Training Center; Howard Chapman, regional director, western region of the National Park Service, letter to Honorable Adrian P. Winkel, high commissioner, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Headquarters, Saipan, January 8, 1979, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

²⁴⁴Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, 1, 5, 8-9; "Master Plan, Proposed Guam National Seashore," N.p. National Park Service, July 1967, revised September 1967, 3.

²⁴⁵Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific National Historical Park," 2, 6, 7; Stell Newman, "Superintendent's Report–1980, War in the Pacific National Historical Park," 2; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

²⁴⁶Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 4.

²⁴⁷Stell Newman, "War in Pacific Park Work Staggering," Pacific Daily News, June 28, 1982.

²⁴⁸Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 6.

²⁴⁹Victor Saymo, "Gift for War Park," Guam Tribune, February 23, 1980.

²⁵⁰Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004; Borja, "Newman Remembered for His Warmth," Pacific Daily News, January 17, 1983.

²⁵¹Thomas B. McGrath, "American Naval Period on Guam, 1898-1950, MARC Working Papers, No. 6," University of Guam, 1979.

²⁵²Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 5-6; Jane Nolan-Jennison, "Land and Lagoon Use in Prewar Guam, Agat, Piti, and Asan, MARC Working Paper No. 15," University of Guam, 1979; Jane Jennison-Nolan, et al., "Cultural Resources within the Guam Seashore Study Area and the War in the Pacific National Historical Park," (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1980); Russell A. Apple, "Guam: Two Invasions and Three Military Occupations: A Historical Summary of War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam" (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1980); Lynn Raulerson, "Terrestrial and Freshwater Organism within and Linmology and Hydrology of the Guam Seashore Study Area and the War in the Pacific National Historical Park" (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1980); Richard H. Randall, "Geologic Features within the Guam Seashore Study Area" (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 180): L. G. Eldredge, "Marine Biological Resources within the Guam Seashore Study Area and the War in the Pacific National Historical Park (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1980); Kathleen R. W. Owings, editor, "The War Years on Guam, Narratives of the Chamorro Experience" (Mangilao: MARC, University of Guam, 1981); Norma Cox, memorandum to associate director, administration, National Park Service, February 21, 1980, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; Betty Shimabukuro, "Memories Collected for History," Pacific Daily News, Vertical File, MARC, University of Guam.

²⁵³Gene Linn, "Collection Details Pacific Battles," Sunday [Pacific Daily] News, September 7, 1980.

²⁵⁴Tigger Newman, conversation with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 3, 2004.

²⁵⁵Debra Hollems, an NPS employee at Ft. Union Trading Post NHS, North Dakota, was the daughter of a woman from Guam; therefore, Debra Hollems was the first female of Guamanian descent to wear the NPS uniform. [Hollems would later marry Jim Miculka, an NPS employee who would later be stationed on Guam, and she accompanied him on that 1980 move to Guam.]

²⁵⁶C. Sablan Gault, "Park Head Denies Discrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982; Newman, "Summary of Meetings Held and Activities Recommended," March 1981, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 3; Rogue Broja, oral history interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003.

²⁵⁷"War in the Pacific: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

²⁵⁸Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 3; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 2.

²⁵⁹"News Release, National Park Service," for release March 11, 1980, Archives, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

²⁶⁰Roque Borja, oral history interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003.

²⁶¹"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

²⁶²"News Release, National Park Service," for release September 29, 1980, Archives, WAPA.

²⁶³Lester Chang, "New Ranger "Recreating' the War," Sunday [Pacific Daily] News, October 5, 1980; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 3.

²⁶⁴"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

²⁶⁵Newman, "Summary of Meeting Held and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to WRO," March 1981, 3; C. Sablan Gault, "Park Head Denies Descrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982.

²⁶⁶Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 10.

²⁶⁷Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 1, 10; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 3; Borja, "Newman Remembered for His Warmth."

²⁶⁸Borja, oral history interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, transcript, 19-20.

²⁶⁹Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979," March 13, 1980, 1.

²⁷⁰Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979," War in the Pacific," 1,7-9.

²⁷¹Sheila Stevens, "WW II Historian: Sea Invasion Only Part of the Story," Pacific Daily News, February 8, 1980; Russ Apple, Pacific Historian Pacific Area Office, National Park Service, memorandum to Tom Mulhern, chief of Cultural Resources Management Division, Western Region, National Park Service, May 30, 1980; both at the Pacific West Regional Office.

²⁷²"News Release: National Park Service, for release May 29, 1980"; Joseph Murphy, "In Our Opiniojn: Voice in the Park," Pacific Daily News, June 4, 1980.

²⁷³Stell Newman, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, National Park Service, April 9, 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

²⁷⁴Ibid.

²⁷⁵Tom Mulhern, chief, Historic Preservation, Western Region, National Park Service, memorandum to Ron Mortimore, WAPA park planner, August 26, 1981, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

²⁷⁶Chappell, memorandum to director, Western Region, National Park Service, February 4, 1982, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

²⁷⁷F. R. Holland, acting associate director, cultural resources division, National Park Service, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, National Park Service, February 12, 1982, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

²⁷⁸Quoted in Joseph Murphy, "Don't Make Park Another Disneyland," Pacific Daily News, April 9, 1982.

²⁷⁹Ibid.

²⁸⁰"News Release: National Park Service, for release June 18, 1982"; "National Park Plan Comments Being Solicited," Pacific Daily News, July 1, 1982; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

²⁸¹Elaine Santos, "Villagers Differ Over War Park Plans," Pacific Daily News, August 19, 1982; Elaine Santos, "War Park Plans Draw Public Fire," Pacific Daily News, August 21, 1982.

²⁸²Bob Perez, "War Park Needs Local Support to Flourish, Says Organization," Pacific Daily News, September 21, 1982; Peter R. Meylan, president, Marianas Recreation and Parks Society, letter to Stell Newman, August 3, 1982, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

²⁸³"News Release: National Park Service, for immediate release," February 4, 1983, Archives, War in the Pacific National Historical Park; "Environmental Assessment, General Management" (San Francisco: Western Regional Office, National Park Service, March 1983).

²⁸⁴"Superintendent's Annual Report–1979: War in the Pacific," 10.

²⁸⁵"Superintendent's Annual Report–1980: War in the Pacific," 4.

²⁸⁶Gault, "Park Head Denies Discrimination Charge."

²⁸⁷Newman, "Superintendency's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific, 1-2, 9; Newman, Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific, 3; Newman, "Summary of Meeting Held and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to WRO," March 1981, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; C. Sablan Gault, "Newman: More Land Acquired," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982.

²⁸⁸Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific; Joseph Murphy, "Action is Need on War in Pacific Park," Pacific Daily News, July 21, 1980.

²⁸⁹Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 5.

²⁹⁰Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific, 2, 4, 6.

²⁹¹Newman, Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific, 2; Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 6-7.

²⁹²Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 5.

²⁹³Sayno, "Gift for War Park." Pacific Daily News, February 23, 1980.

²⁹⁴Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 47.

²⁹⁵Newman, "Summary Meeting Held and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to Western Regional Office," March 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office, 4.

²⁹⁶Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 9; Newman, Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific, 2.

²⁹⁷Gault, "Park Head Denies Discrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982.

²⁹⁸Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 14-15.

²⁹⁹Robert Barrel, state director, Hawaii, National Park Service, letter to Felix L. Crisotomo, state historic preservation officer, Agana, Guam, June 5, 1979, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁰⁰"Asan Point Sewer," Pacific Daily News, May 15, 1980.

³⁰¹Susan Kreifels, "Park Put in Bind by YACC Cuts," Pacific Daily News, April 6, 1982.

³⁰²Newman, "Summary Meeting Held and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to Western Regional Office, March 1981, 4; Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 9-11, 34.

³⁰³"Apaca Point Opens," Guam Tribune, May 27, 1980.

³⁰⁴Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980," Gault "Park Head Denies Discrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982; PHAN Mary Webb, "Visit a Piece of History–Piti Guns," Pacific Crossroads, April 17, 1981.

³⁰⁵Newman, Superintendent's Annual Report–1980."

³⁰⁶Murphy, "Living Memorial Dedication Today," Pacific Daily News, May 26, 1982. Also see Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 37,

³⁰⁷Borja, interview with Evans-Hatch and Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 17-18.

³⁰⁸Newman, "Super's Annual Report–1979, 1; Colonel Peter D. Stearns, district engineer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu, letter to Felix L. Crisostomo, director, Department of Parks and Recreation and Historic Preservation officer, April 13, 1979; Robert M. Utley, deputy executive director, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, letter to Peter D. Stearns, May 23, 1979; and Robert R. Garvey, Jr., executive director, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, letter to Peter D. Stearns, July 9, 1979; all letters at the Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁰⁹Newman, "Summary of Meetings Held," March 1981, 2, 4.

³¹⁰Susan Kriefels, "Park Put in Bind by YACC Cuts," Pacific Daily News, April 6, 1982; Newman, "Summary of Meetings and Actions Recommended During My Recent Trip to WRO," March 1981, 3.

³¹¹Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1979, War in the Pacific," 3.

³¹²Newman, letter to Dick Cunningham, chief of interpretation, Western Region, National Park Service; manager, Harpers Ferry Center, letter to Howard Chapman, director, Western Region, National Park Service, November 7, 1979, both in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980," 3.

³¹³Newman, letter to K. L. Canonage, December 18, 1979, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA.

³¹⁴In early September, for example, a donor, Derek Snodgress, gave the park eight bullets that he had found on one of the park beach units. After thanking him for the contribution, Stell Newman urged Snodgress not to pick up any more World War II remains when alone, since they could be dangerous and explode if distrubed. "You should get your parents or another adult to check them out before touching them," Newman cautioned. Stell Newman, letter to Derek Snodgress, September 4, 1979, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³¹⁵Newman, letter to Norman Miller Cary, chief of military history, U.S. Department of the Army, December 26, 1979, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³¹⁶Joe Murphy, "Pipe Dreams," Pacific Daily News, December 18, 1979.

³¹⁷This is the airplane from which an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 8, 1945, which brought Japan to the brink of surrendering to the U.S. The Enola Gay is on display and interpreted to the public at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Newman, letter to S. Dillon Ripley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, January 9, 1980, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³¹⁸Newman, letter to Division of History and Museums, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, letter to Newman, February 20, 1980; Newman, letter to Music Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., March 3, 1980, all in Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³¹⁹Newman, letter to Uppstrom, February 20, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³²⁰Newman, letter to director, U.S. Navy Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., February 20, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³²¹Newman, letter to Commander Don R. Sheaffer, Department of the Navy, Thirtieth Naval Construction Regiment, San Francisco, March 3, 1980; Newman, letter to commander, Naval Construction Battalion Center, Fort Hueneme, California, March 3, 1980; both letters at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³²²Robert D. Fritz, catalog of artillery and gun plans, 1979, to Stell Newman, March 24, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³²³Newman, letter to Eddie J. Cruz, Cruz Equipment Company, Inc., Agana, Guam, July 16, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³²⁴Newman, letter to president, Failsafe Corporation, Ballground, Georgia, August 18, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³²⁵Newman, letter to Brigadier General Louis C. Buckman, commander, Third Air Division, San Francisco, July 14, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³²⁶Newman, letter to Admiral Robert Fountain, U.S. Navy, Pacific Fleet, July 16, 1980; Fountain, letter to Newman, August 9, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³²⁷"News Release, National Park Service," for release March 17, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³²⁸Frank Quimby, "Japan Ready to Help Plan Park," Pacific Daily News, March 7, 1980; Joseph C. Murphy, "Action Is Needed on War in the Pacific Park," Pacific Daily News, July 21, 1980.

³²⁹Newman, letter to Taki Iwai, Iwanami Shoten, Publishers, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, February 19, 1980; Bill Williams, attorney at law, Agana, Guam, letter to S. Kotani, Daisue Construction Co., Ltd. Minamilu, Osaku, May 14, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³³⁰Murphy, "Action Is Needed."

³³¹Victor Saymo, "Gift for War Park," Pacific Daily News, February 23, 1980.

³³²Newman, letter to Admiral Robert Fountain, July 16, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³³³Ibid.

³³⁴Newman, letter to Clay F. Smith, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 8, 1980, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³³⁵Mary C. Ferris, "War Park a Monument to WW II Battles," Guam Shoppers' Guide, March 6, 1981.

³³⁶C. Sablan Gault, "Park Head Denies Descrimination Charge," Pacific Daily News, July 3, 1982.

³³⁷Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific," 3; Newman, memorandum and "Summary of Meetings Held," to Western Region Director [Howard Chapman], March 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³³⁸Newman, "Superintendent's Annual Report–1980, War in the Pacific"; Newman, memorandum and "Summary of Meetings Held," to Western Region Director, March 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³³⁹"P{ark Plans Proceeding," Pacific Daily News, March 4, 1981.

³⁴⁰Miculka, memo to Heath Pemberton, Dave Forgang, Dick Cunningham, and Russ Apple, with text for folder, March 25, 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁴¹Paul J. Borja, "Time Trip Being Prepared in War Park," Sunday [Pacific Daily] News, November 1, 1981.

³⁴²Gene Linn, "Asan War Park Receives Japanese Memorabilia," Pacific Daily News, January 5, 1982.

³⁴³"News Release, National Park Service," National Park Visitor Information Center Opens July 20," c. July 1982, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; C. Sablan Gault, "Pacific War Park Opens Show at Visitor Information Center," Pacific Daily News, August 6, 1982.

³⁴⁴"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, Archives, WAPA.

³⁴⁵Susan Kreifels, "Underwater Trail a Diving Attraction," Pacific Daily News, February 16, 1982; Joseph C. Murphy, "Underwater Park," Pacific Daily News, February 20, 1982; C. Sablan Gault, "Alternate Dive Trails Considered," Pacific Daily News, March 20, 1982;

³⁴⁶"Weather Hampers Underwater Trial Plan," Pacific Daily News, October 19, 1982.

³⁴⁷F. Ross Holland, Jr., memorandum to regional director [Howard Chapman[, Western Region, January 2, 1979.

³⁴⁸Gordon Chappell, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, NPS, September 9, 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁴⁹Edwin C. Bearss, letter to Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons, director of U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., November 10, 1981.

³⁵⁰Charles W. Snell, memorandum to Kenneth L. Raithel, Jr., on report on the trip to Guam, October 13, 1982; Charles W. Snell, memorandum to Wilford D. Logan, "Pacage No. 132–War in the Pacific NHP, Guam"; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁵¹Injuries received, principally a severed aorta and dislocation of the cervical (neck) spine, were the primary cause of Newman's death. Elaine Santos, "Park Superintendent Dies in Car Collision," Pacific Daily News, December 28, 1982; "Trip Report (Guam Time)," January 11, 1983. The driver of the other vehicle was later convicted of manslaughter and served a minimum sentence.

³⁵²Joseph C. Murphy, "T. Stell Newman WAS Historic Park," Pacific Daily News, December 29, 1982.

³⁵³"Memorial Rites Planned for Park Superintendent," Pacific Daily News, December 31, 1982.

⁵³⁴"To Stell," a remembrance by Stell's friends at the Stondalls' home, December 29, 1982, Archives, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

³⁵⁵Paul Borja, "Newman Remembered for His Warmth," Pacific Daily News, January 17, 1983.

³⁵⁶Tigger (Nancy) Newman (daughter of Stell Newman), letter to Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 2004; Youngsoo Chang, "Park Site for Newman Memorial Service," Pacific Daily News, January 12, 1983; Borja, interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 24.

³⁵⁷Borja, interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003 (transcript, 31).

³⁵⁸Rafael Reyes, communication with Gail Evans-Hatch, February 19, 2004; also Reyes, letter sent to Evans-Hatch & Associates, March 21, 2004.

³⁵⁹"Rafael J. M. Reyes: New Superintendent Takes Charge," May 9, 1983; Rafael J. M. Reyes, Superintendent Announces Retirement," c. 1991; both in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office. Also see Esther Paik, "Local Engineer Tapped to Head Historical Park," Pacific Daily News, April 6, 1983; Gene Rose, Fresno Bee, December 16, 1985; Tambra Maddock, "Japanese Bombs Recalled," Pacific Daily News, December 8, 1988.

³⁶⁰Reyes, "Annual Narrative Reports of Superintendents [1988], February 17, 1989, Archives Harpers Ferry Center, National Park Service; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

³⁶¹Rafael Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1985], March 10, 1986, and [1986], February 10, 1987, and [1989] March 1, 1990; all at Harpers Ferry Center. Also see "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development.

³⁶²"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development"; Reyes, "Superintendent's Annual Report" [1986], February 10, 1987; and [1987], April 26, 1988; both at Harpers Ferry Center.

³⁶³"2 New Park Rangers Join Pacific National Historical Park," Guam Tribune, January 4, 1985; Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1985], March 10, 1986.

³⁶⁴"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development"; Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1985] March 10, 1986; and [1986] February 10, 1987; and [1988] February 17, 1989; and [1989] March 1, 1990; all at Harpers Ferry Center. Also see James Miculka, e-mail message to Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, February 2003.

³⁶⁵Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1985] March 10, 1986; and [1986] February 10, 1987; and [1988] February 17, 1989; and [1989] March 1, 1990; all at Harpers Ferry Center.

³⁶⁶Reyes, "Superintendent's Annual Report [1986] February 10, 1987 and [1989] March 1, 1990; "War in the Pacific 10^th Anniversary," Pacific Daily News, August 14, 1988. In 1984, Pacific Daily News travel editor Ronn Ronck wrote that there was no one "who knows the backside of Guam better than he [Lotz] does." Ronck, "If You Visit Guam Take a Long Hike," Pacific Daily News, May 27, 1984. Lotz put together annotated hiking maps of Guam.

³⁶⁷Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1987] April 26, 1988 and [1990] March 1, 1990.

³⁶⁸Jim Miculka, acting superintendent, War in the Pacific, memorandum to director, Western Region, National Park Service, August 19, 1983.

³⁶⁰Reyes, letter to Ida Chang, May 1, 1986, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁷⁰John M. Ozanich, chief, contracting and general services, letter to Melanie Norton, General Services Administration, San Francisco, February 20, 1987.

³⁷¹National Park Service, War in the Park National Historical Park, "Statement for Management," August 1988, 30, 42, Archives, WAPA.

³⁷²National Park Service national memorials are set aside primarily for their commemorative value.

³⁷³"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Natural and Cultural Resource Management Plan," 1-20.

³⁷⁴Rafael Reyes, letter to Leonard Pauline, executive director, Guam Housing and Urban Renewal Authority, June 9, 1983; Pauline, letter to Reyes, March 1984; Reyes, letter to Pauline, April 27, 1984; Guam House and Urban Renewal Authority, "Report to the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Documentation for Determination of No Adverse Effect for the Asan Village Site," April 1984; all documents at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁷⁵Murphy, "War Park Not Taking Part in Liberation," Pacific Daily News, July 17, 1984. Also see Murphy, "Flying Much Safer Thank Driving on Guam," Pacific Daily News, July 20, 1984.

³⁷⁶Lotz, letter to Ralph Reyes, July 27, 1984; Reyes, letter to chief of interpretation, Western Region, National Park Service, January 3, 1985; both in Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁷⁷Michael Jenks, letter to Guam Governor Ricardo J. Bordallo, August 23, 1985, Pacific Great Basin Support Office. Also see Reyes to Everette A. Flanders, chief, construction, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, August 8, 1985, and Flanders, letter to Robert Fink, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, August 27, 1985; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁷⁸National Park Service, Western Region, "99^th Congress Issues Briefing Statement," January 28, 1986, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁷⁹Reyes, Annual Reports of the Superintendents (1985), March 10, 1986, Harpers Ferry Center.

³⁸⁰Jeff Pleadwell, letter to Ralph Reyes, September 23, 1986; Reyes, letter to Pleadwell, October 2, 1986; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁸¹Bryan Harry, letters to Francis Dayton, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, April 7, 1988 and December 19, 1989, and to Satoru Kawanamie, managing director, T & NN International, Inc., March 30, 1990; all at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁸²Gordon Chappell, Historic Resource Study proposal, Package Number 132,, c. 1981, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁸³Snell, memorandum to Kenneth L. Raithel, assistant manager, Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team, Denver Service Center, October 13, 1982, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁸⁴Snell, memorandum to Wilford Logan, Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team, Denver Service Center, December 8, 1982, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁸⁵This important typescript Historical Resource Study must still be compiled, edited, and printed. When those tasks are completed, hopefully by WAPA volunteers, the document will be a continuing source of rich historical information.

³⁸⁶Snell, "A Catalogue of Overlays Prepared by the 3^rd Marine Division, 1^st Provisional Marine Brigade, and the 77^th Infantry Division," August 1983, Pacific Great Basin Support Office. Also see Snell, "Status Report No. 7 for Package No. 132, October 1983, memorandum to Betty Jones, chief of Planning Division, Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team, Denver Service Center.

³⁸⁷Thompson, "Trip Report, Central Pacific, September-November 1983," to Chief Historian Edwin C. Bearss, National Park Service, November 9, 1983, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁸⁸Bearss, "Recommendations as to Boundary Refinements at War in the Pacific National Historical Park and Sites to Be Identified and Marked on Guam Outside the Park, March 30, 1984, memorandum to Regional Director, Western Region, National Park Service, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁸⁹Snell, "15rh and Final Status Report for Package No. 132," May 18, 1984, memorandum to chief, Planning Division, Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team, Denver Service Center, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁹⁰Erwin, N. Thompson, Historic Resources Study: War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam (Golden, CO: National Park Service, July 1985).

³⁹¹"Natural and Cultural Resource Management Plan," January 1984, 21.

³⁹²Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1988[, February 17, 1989, Harpers Ferry Center.

³⁹³Richard Silva, "Trip Report, August 7-25, 1989," October 3, 1989, memorandum to assistant manager, Western Team, Denver Service Center, Pacific Great Basin Support Office; Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1988], March 1, 1990.

³⁹⁴Special assistant to regional director, Western Region, memorandum to Stan Albright, regional director, Western Region, October 23, 1989, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁹⁵Regional historical architect, Western Region, National Park Service, "Trip Report, War in the Pacific National Historical Park," April 4, 1991; "Stabilization of World War II Concrete Military Structures," no date; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁹⁶"Natural Cultural Resource Management Plan," January 1984, 3-4.

³⁹⁷"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA.

³⁹⁸James E. Miculka, "Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment: War in the Pacific National Historical Park," c. 1988, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

³⁹⁹Toni Carrell, editor, "Micronesia: Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment" (Santa Fe: Submerged Cultural Resources Unite, c. 1991), 5140-15

⁴⁰⁰Carrell, "Micronesia: Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment"; Reyes, "Annual 'Reports of Superintendents" [1987], April 26, 1988; Reyes, "Annual 'Reports of Superintendents" [1989], March 1, 1990; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

⁴⁰¹Reyes, Annual Narrative Reports of Superintendents" [1988[, February 17, 1989.

⁴⁰²Jerry Henkel, "Park Service Provides Sunken Ships Dive Tour," Pacific Sunday [Daily] News, August 28, 1988; Tim Rock, "May Become Park Attraction: Tokai Maru," Pacific Daily News, no date, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁰³Reyes, "Annual 'Reports of Superintendents" [1989], March 1, 1990; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

⁴⁰⁴Carrell, "Micronesia: Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment," 516.

⁴⁰⁵Ibid.

⁴⁰⁶"Natural and Cultural Resource Management Plan," revised and updated in January 1984; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998. The first draft of the Fire Management Plan was prepared by Fire Management Officer, Chris Cameron, in the Western Regional Office in 1983.

⁴⁰⁷Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1987], April 26, 1988; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

⁴⁰⁸Reyes, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, March 31, 1986, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁰⁹"Ground Breaking Ceremony, Gaan Point Comfort Station, Wednesday 21 March 1984"; Reyes, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, NPS, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴¹⁰Stephanie Rodeffer, memorandum to Superintendent Reyes, September 13, 1990; Gary F. Somers, "Archaeological Clearance Survey Forms," memorandum to chief of Division of Archaeology, WACC, NPS, September 5, 1990; both at Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴¹¹"Development/Study Package Proposal, Package No. 169," September 4, 1985; Reyes, letter to Lt. Col. Nathan D. Hawthorne, Fort Juan Muna, Guam, January 14, 1986; Edward Wood, acting superintendent at WAPA, letter to Commander Owens, Camp Covington, Guam, February 18, 1986; Reyes, letter to Joseph Cruz, chief officer, Public Utility Agency of Guam, January 28, 1989; all at Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴¹²Reyes, "Superintendents Annual Report, 1986," February 10, 1987.

⁴¹³Reyes, memorandum to Bryan Harry, director, Pacific Area Office, November 28, 1984, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴¹⁴Reyes, "Superintendents Annual Report, 1986," February 10, 1987.

⁴¹⁵Reyes, "Annual Narrative Reports of Superintendents" [1988], February 17, 1989.

⁴¹⁶Reyes, letter to chief, Lands Division, Western Region, National Park Service, February 8, 1990, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴¹⁷"Statement for Management: War in the Pacific," August 1988, 42.

⁴¹⁸Facility manager, Hawaii Volcano, memorandum to director, Pacific Area, March 7, 1984, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴¹⁹Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1989], March 1, 1990.

⁴²⁰Reyes, "Annual Reports of Superintendents" [1987], April 26, 1988, and [1988], February 17, 1989; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park; Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; Roque Borja, interview with Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, January 28, 2003, 18, 20-21.

⁴²¹"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

⁴²²Allen, et al. "Interim Interpretive Plan," February 22, 1983, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴²³Ibid.

⁴²⁴Dave Forgang, regional curator, Western Region, memorandum to regional director Howard Chapman, Western Region, June 18, 1984, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴²⁵Jimmy Garrido, ""Scope of Collection Statement," January 31, 1985, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴²⁶War in the Pacific National Historical Park, A Special Supplement to the Guam Tribune," 1985, Vertical File, Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam.

⁴²⁷Governor Ricardo J. Bordallo, letter to Ralph J. M. Reyes, July 13, 1984, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴²⁸Doug Hubbard, "Nimitzgram" to Marc Sagan, Reyes, and Miculka, January 7, 1985, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴²⁹Joe Murphy, "Mini-sub Offered to War National Park," Pacific Daily News, September 8, 1988; Reyes, communication with Evans-Hatch & Associates, March 21, 2004.

⁴³⁰D. N. Hagen, commodore, U.S. Navy, letter to Ralph Reyes, July 18, 1985, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴³¹Bryan Harry, director, Pacific Area, memorandum to regional Director Stan Albright, Western Region, NPS, December 4, 1989; NPS Director William Penn Mott, Jr., memorandum to Stan Albright, director, Western Region, December 15, 1989, both in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴³²Seminar participants included: Tony Palomo, field representative from OTIA; All Miller, historian at Anderson Air Force Base; Greg Champion, Guam Cable TV; Annette Donner, Donner & Associates; David, Lotz, director, Guam Department of Parks and Recreation; the Honorable Katsuo Tosa, consul general, Japan; Dirk Ballendorf and William Hernandez, both from Micronesia Area Research Center, University of Guam; Barry Smith, Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, and Tim Rock, author of Diver's Guide to Guam and Micronesia, "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

⁴³³"War in the Pacific Park, 10^th Anniversary," August 4, 1988, Pacific Daily News; "Community Lacks Interest in Park," The Guam Tribune, August 19, 1988; "Park Anniversary," Pacific Daily News, August 20, 1988; Anna Cristine, Ulloa, "A Commemorative Celebration," Pacific Daily News, August 21, 1988; JO3 K. Boehm, compiler, "War in the Pacific Park Marks 10^th Anniversary," Pacific Crossroads, August 26, 1988.

⁴³⁴Tim Rock, "Our National Park Looks Ahead," Pacific Sunday News Magazine, January 15, 1989; Reyes, letter to Anthony C. Mariano, Guam Historic Preservation officer, April 18, 1989, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴³⁵William Penn Mott, letters to: Ben Blaz, August 1, 1989; Masao Wada, August 1, 1989; Adolf Sgambelluri, August 2, 1989; Director James M. Ridenour, National Park Service, August 4, 1989; Lee Webber, August 4, 1989; Marvin Sexton, August 21 and September 12, 1989; T. R. Sullivan, September 12, 1989; and Sullivan, letter to William Penn Mott, August 8, 1989; all in Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴³⁶This list of tentative directors included: Guam Governor Joseph H. Ada, Daniel K. Akaka, John Blas, Congressman Ben Blaz, Paul Calvo, Greg Champion of Guam Cable TV, Phillip Flores, Daniel K. Inouye, Admiral T. J. Johnson, Spark M. Matsunaga, Bob Marrion, Mark Paugelinau, Patricia Saiki, Roger Sardea, Marvin Sexton, Adolph Sgambelluri, Vice President of Jones-Guerrero Company T. R. Sullivan, Commander of the Philippine Scouts Cornelius Tapao, Council General of Japan Masao Wada, and Bill West. "Plan of Operation," accompanying memorandum from Director Bryan Harry, Pacific Area to Director Stanley Albright, Western Region, May 22, 1990

⁴³⁷"Plan of Operation," accompanying memorandum from Harry to Albright, May 22, 1990

⁴³⁸Ben Blaz, letter to James Ridenour, July 30, 1990, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴³⁹Bryan Harry, draft letter to Ben Blaz, August 8, 1990, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁴⁰Edward E. Wood, Jr., "Visitor Center and Museum," July 11, 1992, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁴¹Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Region, 103^rd Congress Issues Briefing Statement, Issue: Staffing of the Park (War in the Pacific), Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁴²Wood, "FY98 Superintendent's Annual Reports," no date, Harpers Ferry Center, National Park Service; "Lot of Changes Mark Guam's Young Park," Islander Magazine, Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994. Wood, communication with Evans-Hatch & Associates, March 19, 2004.

⁴⁴³"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; Wood, "FY98 Superintendent's Annual Report," no date, Harpers' Ferry Center.

⁴⁴⁴Wood, letter to Congressman Robert Underwood, June 6, 1997, Archives, WAPA.

⁴⁴⁵Gustin, communication with Evans-Hatch & Assoc., March 12, 2004.

⁴⁴⁶ Brunnemann, untitled professional career narrative, 2004, e-mailed to Evans-Hatch & Associates, March 2002)

⁴⁴⁷Wood, memorandum to superintendent, Yosemite National Park, August 8, 1995, Archives, WAPA.

⁴⁴⁸"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA.

⁴⁴⁹"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; Leo Babauta, "Guam Veterans, Park Rangers Impressed by President," Pacific Daily News, November 24, 1998.

⁴⁵⁰"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; Gustin, Superintendent's Annual Report, FY2000, no date, Harpers Ferry Center; "Lots of Changes Mark Guam's Young Park," Island Magazine, Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994.

⁴⁵¹"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

⁴⁵²"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; "Lots of Changes Mark Guam's Young Park," Island Magazine, Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994.

⁴⁵³"NPS Grieves Loss of Facility Manager," National Park Service News, November 18, 2003.

⁴⁵⁴"War in the Pacific National Historical Park, FY01 Annual Performance Plan" (N.p.: National Park Service, 2001, Harpers Ferry Center Archives).

⁴⁵⁵National Park Service, News Release, "Anniversary Model Aircraft Exhibit," c. 1991, and "Model Aircraft Exhibit" c. 1992, WAPA.

⁴⁵⁶The Community Service Program referred clients who had broken the law to the park to serve their community service time.

⁴⁵⁷Wood, "Superintendent's Annual Report, FY98," no date, and Gustin, "Superintendent's Annual Report, FY2000, no date, both in Archives, Harpers Ferry Center; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA.

⁴⁵⁸"Lots of Changes Mark Guam's Young Park," Islander Magazine, Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994.

⁴⁵⁹For purposes of this administrative history, "Resource Management" means the management of resources (both cultural and natural) dating from the period of historical significance, in the case of WAPA that would include resources dating from World War II.

⁴⁶⁰Letter from Leslie M. Turner, Assistant Secretary, Territorial and International Affairs to J. Bennett Johnston, Chairman, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, May 20, 1993

⁴⁶¹Resource Management Plan, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, February 14, 1997.

⁴⁶²It could be argued that if the period of significance is that time immediately after the beach landing of the Americans in 1944, the most historically appropriate method of ensuring the integrity of park resources would be to arrange for an annual bombardment of WAPA by the United States Navy.

⁴⁶³Resource Management Plan, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, February 1997.

⁴⁶⁴Resource Management Plan, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, 1997.

⁴⁶⁵Ibid, 14.

⁴⁶⁶Resource Management Plan, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, 1997, 15. Note: See Appendix 10 of this administrative history for a reprint of the Plant Communities Table presented in the 1997 Resource Management Plan.

⁴⁶⁷Memorandum from Superintendent, WAPA, to Congressional Liaison, WASO, March 25, 1994.

⁴⁶⁸Ibid.

⁴⁶⁹News Release, April 1991, War in the Pacific National Historical Park. The program was designed to balance work with the development of an understanding and an appreciation of the environment and heritage for youths between 15 and 18

⁴⁷⁰Regular Cycle Maintenance Report, WAPA, June 26, 1992.

⁴⁷¹Without the generator there would have been no electricity, without electricity there would have been no air conditioning, and without air conditioning there would have been no cloth or paper artifacts remaining in the museum (housed in the same building).

⁴⁷²In 1997, this same site again suffered minimal damage from another super typhoon (Paka). See Superintendent's Annual Report FY98, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

⁴⁷³The unique nature of the topography surrounding the overlook is one of the reasons park staff has repeatedly identified it as the best location for the construction of a visitor center and administrative offices.

⁴⁷⁴Report, Edward E. Wood, Jr., Superintendent, War in the Pacific NHP, July 15, 1992.

⁴⁷⁵Briefing Statement prepared for 103^rd United States Congress by NPS, submitted on January 31, 1992.

⁴⁷⁶103^rd Congress Briefing Statement by NPS, January 1992.

⁴⁷⁷Ibid.

⁴⁷⁸Letter from United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources to Manuel Lujan, Jr., Secretary of the Interior, November 5, 1991.

⁴⁷⁹For a detailed account of fiftieth anniversary activities by WAPA staff, see the "Interpretation" section of this chapter.

⁴⁸⁰It is worth noting that by December 2002 a new visitor center/administrative offices/museum had still not been funded, leaving those activities in the same building, still situated twenty-five yards from the lagoon. Recognizing a golden opportunity when it saw one Fate again visited a super typhoon on the park in December 2002, again flooding carpets and exhibits, and causing damage to the building and grounds.

⁴⁸¹Superintendent's Report, FY98, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

⁴⁸²Ibid.

⁴⁸³Community Service Program is a program of the Guam criminal justice system under which a person performed community service in lieu of a fine and/or time in jail.

⁴⁸⁴An interesting note for future similar efforts: Heavy equipment such as bulldozers could not be used to scrape coral from the grassy area. The coral would simply bury itself rather than be slid out of the area. (See Superintendent's Annual Report, FY98, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

⁴⁸⁵The Facility Manager, Ron Wilson, a retired Navy SeaBee, set up a concrete fabrication yard at the rear of the WAPA maintenance yard (outside the historical area). He trained emergency-hire personnel to build concrete forms, mix the concrete, pour the concrete, finish it and remove it from the molds before cleaning and preparing the forms for the next pour. Five hundred bollards and 130 curbs were manufactured at this ad hoc facility using 130 cubic yards of concrete mixed in a nine cubic-foot mixer! Ron Wilson died in 2003. (See Superintendent's Annual Report, FY98, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.)

⁴⁸⁶Annual Report, FY01, War in the Pacific National Historical Park.

⁴⁸⁷In November 2000, PWR Chief Ranger Jay Wells and HAVO Chief Ranger Paul DuCasse conducted the region's first Law Enforcement Needs Assessment. Both assessments concluded that four additional FTE each were necessary for both Saipan and WAPA. The reports concluded that resources were not being protected and noncommissioned employees were being required to respond to situations that law enforcement would normally handle. Ibid.

⁴⁸⁸Ibid.

⁴⁸⁹Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Region, "103^rd Congress Issues Briefing Statement, Issue: Japanese World War II Mini-Submarine Exhibit (WAPA)," Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁹⁰Richard Hoffman, Harpers Ferry Center, memorandum to Rose Manibusan, November 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁹¹"Lots of Changes," Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994.

⁴⁹²Edward E. Wood, Jr., "Visitor Center and Museum," July 11, 1992, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁹³Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Region, 103^rd Congress Issues Briefing Statement, "Issue: Visitor Center" (WAPA), January 1993, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁹⁴Leslie M. Turner, assistant secretary, Territorial and International Affairs, letter to J. Bennett Johnston, chairman, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, June 15, 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁹⁵Richard D. Davis, State Historic Preservation Office, Department of Parks and Recreation, Government of Guam, letter to Superintendent Ed Wood, December 3, 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁹⁶Rose Manibusan, memorandum to Edward Wood, February 4, 1993, Archives, WAPA.

⁴⁹⁷Ibid.; Edward E. Wood, Jr., "Visitor Center and Museum," July 11, 1992, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁴⁹⁸"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

⁴⁹⁹"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998.

⁵⁰⁰Dan Quan Designs was awarded the contract to develop exhibit designs. Bruce Ficke received the award to fabricate the exhibit. War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; Turner, letter to J. Bennett Johnston, June 15, 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁵⁰¹"50^th Anniversary of the Outbreak of War in the Pacific," December 1991, brochure, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁵⁰²"War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; Turner, letter to J. Bennett Johnston, June 15, 1993.

⁵⁰³"Lots of Changes," Pacific Sunday News; War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; Wood, memorandum to Stanley Albright, regional director, Western Region, June 11, 1993, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁵⁰⁴News Release: National Park Service, "Assistance Sought for Upcoming Museum Exhibit," c. 1992; "New Exhibits Open on Liberation Day at War in the Pacific National Historical Park," c. 1992; "Volunteers in Parks Recognition," c. 1992; Wood, memorandum to Lynne Nakata, interpretive specialist, Western Region, January 14, 1993, all in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁵⁰⁵Wood, letter to Hiro Kurashina, director, Micronesia Area Research Center, University of Guam, December 9, 1992; regional director, Western Region, memorandum to Edward Wood, January 28, 1993; Wood, memorandum to regional director, Western Region, June 11, 1993; all in Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support. Also see "Lots of Changes," Pacific Sunday News, May 15, 1994; J. Hunter Todd, chairman and founder, Worldfest Houston, letter to Michelle South, Harpers Ferry Center, June 8, 1995, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁵⁰⁶"Lots of Changes," Pacific Sundays News, May 15, 1994.

⁵⁰⁷"News Release: National Park Service, Commemoration of the 50^th Anniversary of the Re-capture of Guam," July 1, 1994; "Fiftieth Anniversary Golden Salute: Joint Ceremony for Japanese and American Veterans," July 22, 1922; both in Archives, WAPA.

⁵⁰⁸Joyce A. Quinn, "Asan Beach Guide," no place of publication: American Memorial Museum Association, 1994.

⁵⁰⁹"War in the Pacific: The First Year" (1992), "War in the Pacific: Homefronts of 1943" (1993), and "War in the Pacific: The Pacific Offensive" (1994), all published by the National Park Service and the Arizona Memorial Museum Association.

⁵¹⁰"Ware in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998, WAPA; Wood, letter to Gary Beito, executive director, Arizona Memorial Museum Association, September 20, 1993 and August 1, 1995, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁵¹¹Wood, letter to Gary Beito, August 1, 1994, Archives, Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁵¹²Wood, "FY98 Superintendent's Annual Report," no date, Harpers Ferry Center.

⁵¹³"Arizona Memorial Museum Associations: A Non-Profit Organization," c. 1999, WAPA.

⁵¹⁴Manibusan memorandum to Superintendent Ed Wood, February 4, 1993; Manibusan form letter to "Dear Sir," about early 1993; both at Pacific Great Basin Support Office.

⁵¹⁵Wood, letter to regional directory, Western Region, June 11, 1993.

⁵¹⁶"Inventory List of Oral History Tapes, Incident Command System Oral History Team Golden Salute . . . July 18, 1994 to July 23, 1994; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," c. 1998; both in WAPA Archives.

⁵¹⁷Ibid.

⁵¹⁸Superintendent Ed Wood was not present for these ceremonies since he had transferred from WAPA one month earlier. Several individuals and groups contributed to the success of this celebration, including Army ROTC Daniel J. Mulhauser, Secretary to the Archbishop of Agana, Flora Baza Quan, the Guam Territorial Chorale and the Guam Territorial Band, Chaplain Joel Rayfiedl, a Lt. Col. in the U.S. Air Force. Wood, "War in the Pacific National Historical Park, FY98 Superintendent's Report, no date; "War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Timeline of Park Development," Working Draft, c. 1998; all at WAPA.

⁵¹⁹Leo Babauta, "Guam Veterans, Park Rangers Impressed by President," Pacific Daily News, November 24, 1998.

⁵²⁰"President Clinton Welcomed"; Amy Tatko, "Air Force One Touches Down"; Babauta, "Guam Veterans" and "Clinton Honors War Dead"; Brad Wong, "Clinton Addresses Issues"; Hiroshi Hiyama, "President Inspires Residents"; Lloyd Jojola, "Fighting for President's Attention"; all in Pacific Daily News, November 24, 1998.