Periods in the History of American Orchards

Evolution of Orchards

The evolution of orchards in the United States can be described in four general periods. The appearance of orchards and orchard fruits has evolved considerably during these periods, each marked by distinctive characteristics and features. The National Park System is a unique land repository of orchards that represent each of the four periods.

Several fruit trees in a grassy area near a house grow in a tall, unpruned shape.
Introduction and Colonization

European fruit trees were introduced and planted for both subsistence farming and pleasure.

A fruit tree in an open field grows with dense branches and an upward-facing, open shape.
Diversification and Migration

Collectors and entrepreneurs developed fruit varieties.

A person on an orchard ladder picks fruit from the leafy branches of a tree in an orchard.
Specialization and Industrialization

Orchard development focused on commercialization, technology, and regionalism.

Close-up of a cluster of yellow-red apples growing on a tree branch.
Fruit Monoculture and Intensification

Orchard production intensified and dwarf trees became commonplace.


Last updated: October 31, 2022

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