Fort Vancouver Cultural Landscape Report

ENDNOTES

¹¹³⁸For further information on the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company's operations see John S. Galbraith, The Hudson's Bay Company as an Imperial Factor, 1821-1869 (Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1957), John S. Galbraith, "The Early History of the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company, 1838-43," Oregon Historical Quarterly LV (September 1954), and Brian C. Coyle. "The Puget's Sound Agricultural Company of Vancouver Island: 1847-1857," Master's thesis, Department of History, Simon Fraser University, November 1977.

¹¹³⁹Although the Church had made a donation land claim to 640 acres, its actual operations within the military reservation were confined to the mission enclosure.

¹¹⁴⁰The diocese spent another ten years trying to get Congress to overrule the Supreme Court.

¹¹⁴¹Harney had been called back to Washington, D.C., in part due to his precipitous actions in the San Juan Islands.

¹¹⁴²Among those stationed at the post who later earned national recognition were: Joseph Barnes, who served as U.S. surgeon general during the Civil War; Philip Sheridan, a Second Lieutenant in the cavalry at Fort Vancouver, who in 1883 was named Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Army; Captain George McClellan, later Commanding General of the Union Troops in the Civil War; Benjamin Alvord, who became the U.S. Army's paymaster in 1872; Ulysses S. Grant, destined for Civil War fame and the Presidency of the United States. The post became famous in military circles as the "mother" of the Army, in affectionate recognition of its role in fostering young officers who later gained fame.

¹¹⁴³Brig. Gen. James F. Rusling, Inspector, Quartermaster Dept., "Report of Inspection of the Depot and Fort Vancouver WT," November and December 1866, RG 92, Box 1176, National Archives.

¹¹⁴⁴Charles Carey, General History of Oregon, pp. 644-646.

¹¹⁴⁵Vardis Fisher, Idaho: A Guide in Word and Picture (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1937), pp. 46-52; For additional discussion of the Nez Perce, the U.S. Army, and the wars, see Alvin Josephy, Jr., The Nez Perce Indians and the Opening of the Northwest, abr. ed. (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1979).

¹¹⁴⁶Vancouver Independent, 27 June 1878; 17 April 1879; Maps of Vancouver Barracks, 1880-1889 in Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, Record Group 92, Nineteenth Century Military and Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Record Group 77, Miscellaneous Posts, Cartographic Records, National Archives.

¹¹⁴⁷Frederick Schwatka, Military Reconnaissance in Alaska (Washington, D.C.: Military Service Institute, 1885), passim; Merle Colby, A Guide to Alaska, The Last American Frontier, American Guide Series (New York: MacMillan Company, 1941), passim.

¹¹⁴⁸In Tacoma and Seattle, the Chinese population became the target of Daniel Cronin and the Knights of Labor abuse, generating hysteria leading to the formation of an Anti-Chinese League with the mayor of Tacoma, Jacob Weisbach, as its president. In the fall of 1885 Tacoma's last three hundred Chinese residents were forced from the city by a vigilante army. In Seattle, a series of intimidating actions, inflammatory speeches, and, ultimately, a riot in Febrnary of 1886, stripped the city of its Chinese population. For a summary, see Robert E. Ficken and Charles P. LeWarne, Washington: A Centennial History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), pp. 68-74.

¹¹⁴⁹"Report of the Secretary of War, Vol. I," United States, 52nd Cong., 2nd Sess., House of Reps., Doc. 1, Part 2, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1892), pp. 106-8; "Report of the Secretary of War, Vol. I," United States, 53rd Cong., 2nd Sess., House of Reps., Doc. 1, Part 2, (Washington: Government, Printing Office, 1893), pp. 152-3; Report of the Secretary of War, Vol. I," United States, 53rd Cong., 3rd Sess., House of Reps., Doc. 1, Part 2, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894), p. 148. The MOA had used an increase in railroad rates as an excuse to back out of an agreement with the miner's union regarding wages. When the union struck, the MOA brought in scabs, many of whom were peaceably convinced by the union to leave. However, ill feelings eventually erupted in violence, and Idaho Governor Wiley declared a state of martial law in Coeur d'Alene, and called upon President Harrison to supplement the Idaho National Guard. See Richard Lingenfelter, The Hardrock Miners: A History of the Mining Labor Movement in the American West (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974), pp. 197-218; Regarding the Pullman Strike, see Freeman Hubbard, Railroad Avenue (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1945), pp. 174-182.

¹¹⁵⁰"Fort Vancouver Historic Building Survey," (Seattle: United States Army Corps of Engineers, n.d.), pp. 1-4.

¹¹⁵¹Royce Pollard, "The Presence and Missions of the United States Army at Vancouver Barracks, Vancouver, Washington, 1849-1988," unpublished paper in files, Vancouver Barracks, Washington.

¹¹⁵²"Report of the Department of the Columbia," Annual Reports, War Department, 1902, Vol. IX (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 30.

¹¹⁵³Weekly Columbian 23, 30 March, 20 April 1916.

¹¹⁵⁴Caroline Carley, HBC Kanaka Village/Vancouver Barracks 1977, pp. 275-289.

¹¹⁵⁵Royce Pollard, "The Presence and Missions of the United States Army at Vancouver Barracks, Vancouver, Washington, 1849-1988," pp. 8-9.

¹¹⁵⁶Brice Disque, History of Spruce Production Division, United States Army and United States Spruce Production Corporation (Portland, Oregon: Kilham Stationary and Printing Co., cr's 1919), p. 3.

¹¹⁵⁷Harold Hyman, Soldiers and Spruce: Origins of the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumberman (Los Angeles: Institute of Industrial Relations, 1963), p. 52.

¹¹⁵⁸Disque, History of Spruce Production, p. 46.

¹¹⁵⁹Vancouver Daily Columbian. 7,8 February 1918.

¹¹⁶⁰Disque, History of Spruce Production Division, p. 56.

¹¹⁶¹Ibid., p. 103.

¹¹⁶²In addition to specific sources cited in this section on the site changes during the period, 1861-1918, a number of maps executed by military personnel between 1859 and 1917 were analyzed. Most are located in Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, Record Group 92, Nineteenth Century Military, and Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Record Group 77, Miscellaneous Posts, Cartographic Records, National Archives.

¹¹⁶³"Location, Extent and Construction of the Buildings in Charge of the Quartermaster's Dept. at Fort Vancouver, W.T., 1864," RG 92, Box 1176, National Archives.

¹¹⁶⁴Rusling, "Report of Inspection," November and December 1866.

¹¹⁶⁵This cemetery was later moved north of the present day Evergreen Boulevard.

¹¹⁶⁶"Location, Extent and Construction of the Buildings in Charge of the Quartermaster's Dept. at Fort Vancouver, W.T., 1864," RG 92, Box 1176, National Archives.

¹¹⁶⁷The mission's claim was not to be resolved until 1895, when, through the appeals process, it reached the United States Supreme Court: the final ruling limited the claim to less than half an acre.

¹¹⁶⁸"March 1, 1880, HR 4871," RG 92, Box 1176, National Archives.

¹¹⁶⁹"Report of Inspection of Headquarters of Dept. of Columbia, 20-24 September 1882 by Major Breckenridge," RG 139, Box 1060-1250 and Box 1128, National Archives.

¹¹⁷⁰The following discussion is not a complete list of structures and changes at the post; only the principal alterations are addressed.

¹¹⁷¹Army records say the old structure was demolished, but a comparison between the 1880s band barracks and the one standing on the new site in 1907 are remarkably similar in size, massing and detail; it is possible--even probable--the structure was dismantled and reerected on its new site.

¹¹⁷²Development of the area north of the present-day Officers' Row is not substantively addressed in this report, unless it directly pertains to features significant to the history of the present day site.

¹¹⁷³Several additional war-related structures were built in 1919, which will be discussed in the next section of this report.

¹¹⁷⁴Thomas Brent, "Estimate of funds for the Fiscal Year ending June 1856," RG 93, Box 1176; Charles Hopkins, "Inspection of Public Buildings at Fort Vancouver for year ending June 30, 1862," RG 92, Box 1176, National Archives.

¹¹⁷⁵Vancouver Daily Columbian, 14, 16 June 1914.

¹¹⁷⁶Vancouver Daily Columbian, 20 December 1917.

¹¹⁷⁷Ibid., 7 January 1918.

¹¹⁷⁸Vancouver Daily Columbian, 7,8 February 1918.

¹¹⁷⁹Disque, History of Spruce Production Division, p. 56.